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Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance

Recently, the drawbacks arising from the overuse of antibiotics have drawn growing public attention. Among them, drug-resistance (DR) and even multidrug-resistance (MDR) pose significant challenges in clinical practice. As a representative of a DR or MDR pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus can cause div...

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Autores principales: Guo, Henan, Tong, Yucui, Cheng, Junhao, Abbas, Zaheer, Li, Zhongxuan, Wang, Junyong, Zhou, Yichen, Si, Dayong, Zhang, Rijun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8835882/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35163165
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031241
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author Guo, Henan
Tong, Yucui
Cheng, Junhao
Abbas, Zaheer
Li, Zhongxuan
Wang, Junyong
Zhou, Yichen
Si, Dayong
Zhang, Rijun
author_facet Guo, Henan
Tong, Yucui
Cheng, Junhao
Abbas, Zaheer
Li, Zhongxuan
Wang, Junyong
Zhou, Yichen
Si, Dayong
Zhang, Rijun
author_sort Guo, Henan
collection PubMed
description Recently, the drawbacks arising from the overuse of antibiotics have drawn growing public attention. Among them, drug-resistance (DR) and even multidrug-resistance (MDR) pose significant challenges in clinical practice. As a representative of a DR or MDR pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus can cause diversity of infections related to different organs, and can survive or adapt to the diverse hostile environments by switching into other phenotypes, including biofilm and small colony variants (SCVs), with altered physiologic or metabolic characteristics. In this review, we briefly describe the development of the DR/MDR as well as the classical mechanisms (accumulation of the resistant genes). Moreover, we use multidimensional scaling analysis to evaluate the MDR relevant hotspots in the recent published reports. Furthermore, we mainly focus on the possible non-classical resistance mechanisms triggered by the two important alternative phenotypes of the S. aureus, biofilm and SCVs, which are fundamentally caused by the different global regulation of the S. aureus population, such as the main quorum-sensing (QS) and agr system and its coordinated regulated factors, such as the SarA family proteins and the alternative sigma factor σB (SigB). Both the biofilm and the SCVs are able to escape from the host immune response, and resist the therapeutic effects of antibiotics through the physical or the biological barriers, and become less sensitive to some antibiotics by the dormant state with the limited metabolisms.
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spelling pubmed-88358822022-02-12 Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance Guo, Henan Tong, Yucui Cheng, Junhao Abbas, Zaheer Li, Zhongxuan Wang, Junyong Zhou, Yichen Si, Dayong Zhang, Rijun Int J Mol Sci Review Recently, the drawbacks arising from the overuse of antibiotics have drawn growing public attention. Among them, drug-resistance (DR) and even multidrug-resistance (MDR) pose significant challenges in clinical practice. As a representative of a DR or MDR pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus can cause diversity of infections related to different organs, and can survive or adapt to the diverse hostile environments by switching into other phenotypes, including biofilm and small colony variants (SCVs), with altered physiologic or metabolic characteristics. In this review, we briefly describe the development of the DR/MDR as well as the classical mechanisms (accumulation of the resistant genes). Moreover, we use multidimensional scaling analysis to evaluate the MDR relevant hotspots in the recent published reports. Furthermore, we mainly focus on the possible non-classical resistance mechanisms triggered by the two important alternative phenotypes of the S. aureus, biofilm and SCVs, which are fundamentally caused by the different global regulation of the S. aureus population, such as the main quorum-sensing (QS) and agr system and its coordinated regulated factors, such as the SarA family proteins and the alternative sigma factor σB (SigB). Both the biofilm and the SCVs are able to escape from the host immune response, and resist the therapeutic effects of antibiotics through the physical or the biological barriers, and become less sensitive to some antibiotics by the dormant state with the limited metabolisms. MDPI 2022-01-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8835882/ /pubmed/35163165 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031241 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Guo, Henan
Tong, Yucui
Cheng, Junhao
Abbas, Zaheer
Li, Zhongxuan
Wang, Junyong
Zhou, Yichen
Si, Dayong
Zhang, Rijun
Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance
title Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance
title_full Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance
title_fullStr Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance
title_full_unstemmed Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance
title_short Biofilm and Small Colony Variants—An Update on Staphylococcus aureus Strategies toward Drug Resistance
title_sort biofilm and small colony variants—an update on staphylococcus aureus strategies toward drug resistance
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8835882/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35163165
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031241
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