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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort
It is unclear whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters breast milk composition. We prospectively examined associations of GDM status with concentrations of six potentially bioactive elements (glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin) in huma...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8838140/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35277026 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030667 |
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author | Choi, Yuni Nagel, Emily M. Kharoud, Harmeet Johnson, Kelsey E. Gallagher, Tipper Duncan, Katy Kharbanda, Elyse O. Fields, David A. Gale, Cheryl A. Jacobs, Katherine Jacobs, David R. Demerath, Ellen W. |
author_facet | Choi, Yuni Nagel, Emily M. Kharoud, Harmeet Johnson, Kelsey E. Gallagher, Tipper Duncan, Katy Kharbanda, Elyse O. Fields, David A. Gale, Cheryl A. Jacobs, Katherine Jacobs, David R. Demerath, Ellen W. |
author_sort | Choi, Yuni |
collection | PubMed |
description | It is unclear whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters breast milk composition. We prospectively examined associations of GDM status with concentrations of six potentially bioactive elements (glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin) in human milk. These were measured at both 1 and 3 months postpartum in 189 fully breastfeeding women. Mixed-effects linear regression assessed GDM status-related differences in these milk bioactives, adjusting for demographics, maternal factors, and diet. At 1 and 3 months postpartum, milk CRP was higher (1.46 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001 and 1.69 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001) in women with GDM than in women without GDM, whereas milk glucose (−5.23 ± 2.22 mg/dL; p = 0.02 and −5.70 ± 2.22; p = 0.01) and milk insulin (−0.38 ± 0.17 μIU/mL; p = 0.03 and −0.53 ± 0.17; p = 0.003) were lower in women with GDM. These significant associations remained similar after additional adjustment for maternal weight status and its changes. No difference was found for milk IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. There was no evidence of association between these milk bioactive compounds and 1 h non-fasting oral glucose challenge serum glucose in the women without GDM. This prospective study provides evidence that potentially bioactive elements of human milk composition are altered in women with GDM. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8838140 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88381402022-02-13 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort Choi, Yuni Nagel, Emily M. Kharoud, Harmeet Johnson, Kelsey E. Gallagher, Tipper Duncan, Katy Kharbanda, Elyse O. Fields, David A. Gale, Cheryl A. Jacobs, Katherine Jacobs, David R. Demerath, Ellen W. Nutrients Article It is unclear whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters breast milk composition. We prospectively examined associations of GDM status with concentrations of six potentially bioactive elements (glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin) in human milk. These were measured at both 1 and 3 months postpartum in 189 fully breastfeeding women. Mixed-effects linear regression assessed GDM status-related differences in these milk bioactives, adjusting for demographics, maternal factors, and diet. At 1 and 3 months postpartum, milk CRP was higher (1.46 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001 and 1.69 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001) in women with GDM than in women without GDM, whereas milk glucose (−5.23 ± 2.22 mg/dL; p = 0.02 and −5.70 ± 2.22; p = 0.01) and milk insulin (−0.38 ± 0.17 μIU/mL; p = 0.03 and −0.53 ± 0.17; p = 0.003) were lower in women with GDM. These significant associations remained similar after additional adjustment for maternal weight status and its changes. No difference was found for milk IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. There was no evidence of association between these milk bioactive compounds and 1 h non-fasting oral glucose challenge serum glucose in the women without GDM. This prospective study provides evidence that potentially bioactive elements of human milk composition are altered in women with GDM. MDPI 2022-02-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8838140/ /pubmed/35277026 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030667 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Choi, Yuni Nagel, Emily M. Kharoud, Harmeet Johnson, Kelsey E. Gallagher, Tipper Duncan, Katy Kharbanda, Elyse O. Fields, David A. Gale, Cheryl A. Jacobs, Katherine Jacobs, David R. Demerath, Ellen W. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort |
title | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort |
title_full | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort |
title_fullStr | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort |
title_full_unstemmed | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort |
title_short | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort |
title_sort | gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with differences in human milk hormone and cytokine concentrations in a fully breastfeeding united states cohort |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8838140/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35277026 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030667 |
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