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Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils
This study proposes the use of a non-destructive testing technique, based on piezoelectric bender element tests, to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes. (1) Background: Metakaolin geopolymer is a new eco-friendly building material that develops strength rapi...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8838400/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35162012 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031267 |
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author | Iamchaturapatr, Janjit Piriyakul, Keeratikan Petcherdchoo, Aruz |
author_facet | Iamchaturapatr, Janjit Piriyakul, Keeratikan Petcherdchoo, Aruz |
author_sort | Iamchaturapatr, Janjit |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study proposes the use of a non-destructive testing technique, based on piezoelectric bender element tests, to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes. (1) Background: Metakaolin geopolymer is a new eco-friendly building material that develops strength rapidly and is high in compressive strength. (2) Methods: The initial and the final setting times were investigated via bender element and Vicat needle tests. Metakaolin powder was prepared by treating kaolin at 0, 200, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C. All metakaolin powder samples were then mixed with geopolymer solution at different mixing ratios of 0.8:1.0, 1.0:1.0, 1.2:1.0, and 1.5:1.0. The geopolymer solution was prepared by adding 10 normal concentrations of sodium hydroxide (10 N NaOH) to sodium silicate (Na(2)SiO(3)) at various solution ratios of 1.0:1.0, 1.0:1.2, 1.0:1.5, 1.0:2.0, 1.2:1.0, 1.5:1.0 and 2.0:1.0. (3) Results: The optimum temperature for treating metakaolin is established at 1000 °C, with a mixing ratio between the metakaolin powder and the geopolymer solution of 1.0:1.0, as well as a solution ratio between NaOH and Na(2)SiO(3) of 2.0:1.0. (4) Conclusions: The use of piezoelectric bender elements to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes is a useful method by which to detect geopolymerization by shear wave velocity in a real-time manner. Moreover, the penetration of the Vicat apparatus can confirm the setting times at specific intervals. The relationships between the shear wave velocity and the Vicat penetration appear to be linear, with an initial setting time of 168 m/s and a final setting time of 187 m/s. Finally, the optimum metakaolin geopolymer pastes are applied to improve laterite soils, as measured by CBR tests. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8838400 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88384002022-02-13 Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils Iamchaturapatr, Janjit Piriyakul, Keeratikan Petcherdchoo, Aruz Sensors (Basel) Article This study proposes the use of a non-destructive testing technique, based on piezoelectric bender element tests, to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes. (1) Background: Metakaolin geopolymer is a new eco-friendly building material that develops strength rapidly and is high in compressive strength. (2) Methods: The initial and the final setting times were investigated via bender element and Vicat needle tests. Metakaolin powder was prepared by treating kaolin at 0, 200, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C. All metakaolin powder samples were then mixed with geopolymer solution at different mixing ratios of 0.8:1.0, 1.0:1.0, 1.2:1.0, and 1.5:1.0. The geopolymer solution was prepared by adding 10 normal concentrations of sodium hydroxide (10 N NaOH) to sodium silicate (Na(2)SiO(3)) at various solution ratios of 1.0:1.0, 1.0:1.2, 1.0:1.5, 1.0:2.0, 1.2:1.0, 1.5:1.0 and 2.0:1.0. (3) Results: The optimum temperature for treating metakaolin is established at 1000 °C, with a mixing ratio between the metakaolin powder and the geopolymer solution of 1.0:1.0, as well as a solution ratio between NaOH and Na(2)SiO(3) of 2.0:1.0. (4) Conclusions: The use of piezoelectric bender elements to determine the initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes is a useful method by which to detect geopolymerization by shear wave velocity in a real-time manner. Moreover, the penetration of the Vicat apparatus can confirm the setting times at specific intervals. The relationships between the shear wave velocity and the Vicat penetration appear to be linear, with an initial setting time of 168 m/s and a final setting time of 187 m/s. Finally, the optimum metakaolin geopolymer pastes are applied to improve laterite soils, as measured by CBR tests. MDPI 2022-02-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8838400/ /pubmed/35162012 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031267 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Iamchaturapatr, Janjit Piriyakul, Keeratikan Petcherdchoo, Aruz Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils |
title | Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils |
title_full | Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils |
title_fullStr | Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils |
title_full_unstemmed | Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils |
title_short | Use of a Piezoelectric Bender Element for the Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times of Metakaolin Geopolymer Pastes, with Applications to Laterite Soils |
title_sort | use of a piezoelectric bender element for the determination of initial and final setting times of metakaolin geopolymer pastes, with applications to laterite soils |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8838400/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35162012 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031267 |
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