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Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa

The concentrations, potential sources, and compositional profile of PBDEs in the surface water and sediment of Nahoon Estuary, East London, South Africa, were investigated with solid-phase extraction and ultra-sonication, respectively, followed by gas-chromatography-electron capture detection. The s...

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Autores principales: Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth, Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke, Semerjian, Lucy, Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi, Okoh, Omobola Oluranti
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8839697/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35164097
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030832
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author Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth
Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke
Semerjian, Lucy
Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi
Okoh, Omobola Oluranti
author_facet Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth
Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke
Semerjian, Lucy
Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi
Okoh, Omobola Oluranti
author_sort Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth
collection PubMed
description The concentrations, potential sources, and compositional profile of PBDEs in the surface water and sediment of Nahoon Estuary, East London, South Africa, were investigated with solid-phase extraction and ultra-sonication, respectively, followed by gas-chromatography-electron capture detection. The seasonal range of the contaminants’ concentrations in water and sediment samples in spring season were ∑PBDE 329 ± 48.3 ng/L (25.32–785 ng/L) and ∑PBDE 4.19 ± 0.35 ng/g dw (1.91–6.57 ng/g), but ∑PBDE 62.1 ± 1.50 ng/L (30.1–110 ng/L) and ∑PBDE 65.4 ± 15.9 ng/g dw (1.98–235 ng/g) in summer, respectively. NH1 (first sampling point) was the most contaminated site with PBDE in the Estuary. The potential source of pollution is attributed to the stormwater runoff from a creek emptying directly into the Estuary. This study’s dominant PBDE congener is BDE-17, ranging from below detection limit to 247 ng/L and 0.14–32.1 ng/g in water and sediment samples, respectively. Most detected at all the sites were BDE-17, 47, 66, and 100. Most BDE-153 and 183 are found in sediment in agreement with the fact that higher brominated congeners of PBDE adsorb to solid materials. There was no correlation between the congeners and organic carbon and organic matter. However, the human health risk assessment conducted revealed that the PBDE concentration detected in the estuary poses a low eco-toxicological risk. Nevertheless, constant monitoring should be ensured to see that the river remains safe for the users, as it serves as a form of recreation to the public and a catchment to some neighbourhoods.
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spelling pubmed-88396972022-02-13 Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke Semerjian, Lucy Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, Omobola Oluranti Molecules Article The concentrations, potential sources, and compositional profile of PBDEs in the surface water and sediment of Nahoon Estuary, East London, South Africa, were investigated with solid-phase extraction and ultra-sonication, respectively, followed by gas-chromatography-electron capture detection. The seasonal range of the contaminants’ concentrations in water and sediment samples in spring season were ∑PBDE 329 ± 48.3 ng/L (25.32–785 ng/L) and ∑PBDE 4.19 ± 0.35 ng/g dw (1.91–6.57 ng/g), but ∑PBDE 62.1 ± 1.50 ng/L (30.1–110 ng/L) and ∑PBDE 65.4 ± 15.9 ng/g dw (1.98–235 ng/g) in summer, respectively. NH1 (first sampling point) was the most contaminated site with PBDE in the Estuary. The potential source of pollution is attributed to the stormwater runoff from a creek emptying directly into the Estuary. This study’s dominant PBDE congener is BDE-17, ranging from below detection limit to 247 ng/L and 0.14–32.1 ng/g in water and sediment samples, respectively. Most detected at all the sites were BDE-17, 47, 66, and 100. Most BDE-153 and 183 are found in sediment in agreement with the fact that higher brominated congeners of PBDE adsorb to solid materials. There was no correlation between the congeners and organic carbon and organic matter. However, the human health risk assessment conducted revealed that the PBDE concentration detected in the estuary poses a low eco-toxicological risk. Nevertheless, constant monitoring should be ensured to see that the river remains safe for the users, as it serves as a form of recreation to the public and a catchment to some neighbourhoods. MDPI 2022-01-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8839697/ /pubmed/35164097 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030832 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth
Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke
Semerjian, Lucy
Okoh, Anthony Ifeanyi
Okoh, Omobola Oluranti
Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa
title Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa
title_full Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa
title_fullStr Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa
title_full_unstemmed Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa
title_short Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa
title_sort occurrence and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface water and sediment of nahoon river estuary, south africa
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8839697/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35164097
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030832
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