Cargando…
Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues
The open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) method is frequently used for the microwave dielectric property (DP) characterization of high permittivity and conductivity materials due to inherent advantages including minimal sample preparation requirements and broadband measurement capabilities. However, the...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8839841/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35161506 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030760 |
_version_ | 1784650470424313856 |
---|---|
author | Aydinalp, Cemanur Joof, Sulayman Dilman, Ismail Akduman, Ibrahim Yilmaz, Tuba |
author_facet | Aydinalp, Cemanur Joof, Sulayman Dilman, Ismail Akduman, Ibrahim Yilmaz, Tuba |
author_sort | Aydinalp, Cemanur |
collection | PubMed |
description | The open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) method is frequently used for the microwave dielectric property (DP) characterization of high permittivity and conductivity materials due to inherent advantages including minimal sample preparation requirements and broadband measurement capabilities. However, the OECP method is known to suffer from high measurement error. One well-known contributor to the high error rates is tissue heterogeneity, which can potentially be managed through the selection of a probe with a proper sensing depth (SD). The SD of the OECP is dependent on many factors including sample DPs and probe aperture diameter. Although the effects of sample DPs on SD have been investigated to some extent in the literature, the probe aperture diameters, particularly small diameters, have not been fully explored. To this end, the SDs of probes with three different apertures (0.5, 0.9 and 2.2 mm-diameters) were analyzed in this study. Probes’ SDs were first investigated with simulations using a double-layered sample configuration (skin tissue and olive oil). Next, experiments were performed using a commercial OECP with a 2.2 mm aperture diameter. The SD was categorized based on 5%, 20% and 80% DP change. Among these threshold values, a 5% DP change was selected as the benchmark for SD categorization. The findings suggest that probes with a smaller aperture size and correspondingly smaller SD should be utilized when measuring the DPs of thin and multilayered samples, such as healthy and diseased skin tissues, to increase the measurement accuracy. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8839841 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88398412022-02-13 Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues Aydinalp, Cemanur Joof, Sulayman Dilman, Ismail Akduman, Ibrahim Yilmaz, Tuba Sensors (Basel) Article The open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) method is frequently used for the microwave dielectric property (DP) characterization of high permittivity and conductivity materials due to inherent advantages including minimal sample preparation requirements and broadband measurement capabilities. However, the OECP method is known to suffer from high measurement error. One well-known contributor to the high error rates is tissue heterogeneity, which can potentially be managed through the selection of a probe with a proper sensing depth (SD). The SD of the OECP is dependent on many factors including sample DPs and probe aperture diameter. Although the effects of sample DPs on SD have been investigated to some extent in the literature, the probe aperture diameters, particularly small diameters, have not been fully explored. To this end, the SDs of probes with three different apertures (0.5, 0.9 and 2.2 mm-diameters) were analyzed in this study. Probes’ SDs were first investigated with simulations using a double-layered sample configuration (skin tissue and olive oil). Next, experiments were performed using a commercial OECP with a 2.2 mm aperture diameter. The SD was categorized based on 5%, 20% and 80% DP change. Among these threshold values, a 5% DP change was selected as the benchmark for SD categorization. The findings suggest that probes with a smaller aperture size and correspondingly smaller SD should be utilized when measuring the DPs of thin and multilayered samples, such as healthy and diseased skin tissues, to increase the measurement accuracy. MDPI 2022-01-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8839841/ /pubmed/35161506 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030760 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Aydinalp, Cemanur Joof, Sulayman Dilman, Ismail Akduman, Ibrahim Yilmaz, Tuba Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues |
title | Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues |
title_full | Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues |
title_fullStr | Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues |
title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues |
title_short | Characterization of Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Sensing Depth with Respect to Aperture Size for Dielectric Property Measurement of Heterogeneous Tissues |
title_sort | characterization of open-ended coaxial probe sensing depth with respect to aperture size for dielectric property measurement of heterogeneous tissues |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8839841/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35161506 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030760 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT aydinalpcemanur characterizationofopenendedcoaxialprobesensingdepthwithrespecttoaperturesizefordielectricpropertymeasurementofheterogeneoustissues AT joofsulayman characterizationofopenendedcoaxialprobesensingdepthwithrespecttoaperturesizefordielectricpropertymeasurementofheterogeneoustissues AT dilmanismail characterizationofopenendedcoaxialprobesensingdepthwithrespecttoaperturesizefordielectricpropertymeasurementofheterogeneoustissues AT akdumanibrahim characterizationofopenendedcoaxialprobesensingdepthwithrespecttoaperturesizefordielectricpropertymeasurementofheterogeneoustissues AT yilmaztuba characterizationofopenendedcoaxialprobesensingdepthwithrespecttoaperturesizefordielectricpropertymeasurementofheterogeneoustissues |