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Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow
In snow, water coexists in solid, liquid and vapor states. The relative abundance of the three phases drives snow grain metamorphism and affects the physical properties of the snowpack. Knowledge of the content of the liquid phase in snow is critical to estimate the snowmelt runoff and to forecast t...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8839950/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35163890 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030626 |
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author | Maggiore, Ettore Tommasini, Matteo Ossi, Paolo Maria |
author_facet | Maggiore, Ettore Tommasini, Matteo Ossi, Paolo Maria |
author_sort | Maggiore, Ettore |
collection | PubMed |
description | In snow, water coexists in solid, liquid and vapor states. The relative abundance of the three phases drives snow grain metamorphism and affects the physical properties of the snowpack. Knowledge of the content of the liquid phase in snow is critical to estimate the snowmelt runoff and to forecast the release of wet avalanches. Liquid water does not spread homogeneously through a snowpack because different snow layers have different permeabilities; therefore, it is important to track sudden changes in the amount of liquid water within a specific layer. We reproduced water percolation in the laboratory, and used Raman spectroscopy to detect the presence of the liquid phase in controlled snow samples. We performed experiments on both fine- and coarse-grained snow. The obtained snow spectra are well fitted by a linear combination of the spectra typical of liquid water and ice. We progressively charged snow with liquid water from dry snow up to soaked snow. As a result, we exploited continuous, qualitative monitoring of the evolution of the liquid water content as reflected by the fitting coefficient c. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8839950 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88399502022-02-13 Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow Maggiore, Ettore Tommasini, Matteo Ossi, Paolo Maria Molecules Article In snow, water coexists in solid, liquid and vapor states. The relative abundance of the three phases drives snow grain metamorphism and affects the physical properties of the snowpack. Knowledge of the content of the liquid phase in snow is critical to estimate the snowmelt runoff and to forecast the release of wet avalanches. Liquid water does not spread homogeneously through a snowpack because different snow layers have different permeabilities; therefore, it is important to track sudden changes in the amount of liquid water within a specific layer. We reproduced water percolation in the laboratory, and used Raman spectroscopy to detect the presence of the liquid phase in controlled snow samples. We performed experiments on both fine- and coarse-grained snow. The obtained snow spectra are well fitted by a linear combination of the spectra typical of liquid water and ice. We progressively charged snow with liquid water from dry snow up to soaked snow. As a result, we exploited continuous, qualitative monitoring of the evolution of the liquid water content as reflected by the fitting coefficient c. MDPI 2022-01-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8839950/ /pubmed/35163890 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030626 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Maggiore, Ettore Tommasini, Matteo Ossi, Paolo Maria Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow |
title | Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow |
title_full | Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow |
title_fullStr | Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow |
title_full_unstemmed | Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow |
title_short | Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow |
title_sort | raman spectroscopy-based assessment of the liquid water content in snow |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8839950/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35163890 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030626 |
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