Long-term effects of PM(2.5) components on incident dementia in the northeastern United States

Growing evidence has linked long-term fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) exposure to neurological disorders. Less is known about the individual effects of PM(2.5) components. A population-based cohort study investigated the association between long-term (1-year average) exposure to PM(2.5) components and dementia incidence among the elderly population (age, ≥65 years) in the United States. We used data from the Medicare Chronic Conditions Warehouse and a high-resolution PM(2.5) components dataset of the northeastern United States (2000–2017). We identified dementia diagnoses from patients’ hospital and medical insurance records and carried out Cox proportional hazards regression to investigate their association with PM(2.5) components. Among ∼2 million participants, 15.1% developed dementia. From the single-pollutant models, hazard ratios per interquartile range increase were 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.11) for black carbon, 1.08 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.10) for inorganic nitrate, 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.04) for organic matter, 1.13 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.15) for sulfate, 1.07 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.07) for soil particles, and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.05) for sea salt. Increase in exposure to black carbon and sulfate per interquartile range had the strongest associations with dementia incidence. Penalized spline models indicated that dementia incidence increased linearly with elevated black carbon concentrations, whereas the incidence of dementia was only elevated significantly following sulfate concentrations above ∼2 μg/m(3). Our study suggests that long-term exposure to PM(2.5) components is significantly associated with increased dementia incidence and that different components have different neurotoxicity. Reduction of PM(2.5) emissions, especially for main sources of black carbon and sulfate, may reduce the burden of dementia in the aging United States population.