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Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age

Low weight at birth may be due to intrauterine growth restriction or premature birth. Preterm birth is more common in low- and middle-income countries: 60% of preterm birth occur in sub-Saharan African or South Asian countries. However, in some higher-income countries, preterm birth rates appear to...

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Autores principales: Grillo, Maria Agostina, Mariani, Gonzalo, Ferraris, Jorge R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8850406/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35186967
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.769734
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author Grillo, Maria Agostina
Mariani, Gonzalo
Ferraris, Jorge R.
author_facet Grillo, Maria Agostina
Mariani, Gonzalo
Ferraris, Jorge R.
author_sort Grillo, Maria Agostina
collection PubMed
description Low weight at birth may be due to intrauterine growth restriction or premature birth. Preterm birth is more common in low- and middle-income countries: 60% of preterm birth occur in sub-Saharan African or South Asian countries. However, in some higher-income countries, preterm birth rates appear to be increasing in relation to a reduction in the lower threshold of fetal viability. The cutoff is at 22–23 weeks, with a birth weight of approximately 500 g, although in developed countries such as Japan, the viability cutoff described is 21–22 weeks. There is evidence of the long-term consequences of prenatal programming of organ function and its relationship among adult diseases, such as hypertension (HT), central obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Premature delivery before the completion of nephrogenesis and intrauterine growth restriction leads to a reduction in the number of nephrons that are larger due to compensatory hyperfiltration and hypertrophy, which predisposes to the development of CKD in adulthood. In these patients, the long-term strategies are early evaluation and therapeutic interventions to decrease the described complications, by screening for HT, microalbuminuria and proteinuria, ultrasound monitoring, and renal function, with the emphasis on preventive measures. This review describes the effects of fetal programming on renal development and the risk of obesity, HT, and CKD in the future in patients with low birth weight (LBW), and the follow-up and therapeutic interventions to reduce these complications.
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spelling pubmed-88504062022-02-18 Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age Grillo, Maria Agostina Mariani, Gonzalo Ferraris, Jorge R. Front Med (Lausanne) Medicine Low weight at birth may be due to intrauterine growth restriction or premature birth. Preterm birth is more common in low- and middle-income countries: 60% of preterm birth occur in sub-Saharan African or South Asian countries. However, in some higher-income countries, preterm birth rates appear to be increasing in relation to a reduction in the lower threshold of fetal viability. The cutoff is at 22–23 weeks, with a birth weight of approximately 500 g, although in developed countries such as Japan, the viability cutoff described is 21–22 weeks. There is evidence of the long-term consequences of prenatal programming of organ function and its relationship among adult diseases, such as hypertension (HT), central obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Premature delivery before the completion of nephrogenesis and intrauterine growth restriction leads to a reduction in the number of nephrons that are larger due to compensatory hyperfiltration and hypertrophy, which predisposes to the development of CKD in adulthood. In these patients, the long-term strategies are early evaluation and therapeutic interventions to decrease the described complications, by screening for HT, microalbuminuria and proteinuria, ultrasound monitoring, and renal function, with the emphasis on preventive measures. This review describes the effects of fetal programming on renal development and the risk of obesity, HT, and CKD in the future in patients with low birth weight (LBW), and the follow-up and therapeutic interventions to reduce these complications. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8850406/ /pubmed/35186967 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.769734 Text en Copyright © 2022 Grillo, Mariani and Ferraris. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Medicine
Grillo, Maria Agostina
Mariani, Gonzalo
Ferraris, Jorge R.
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age
title Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age
title_full Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age
title_fullStr Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age
title_full_unstemmed Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age
title_short Prematurity and Low Birth Weight in Neonates as a Risk Factor for Obesity, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Pediatric and Adult Age
title_sort prematurity and low birth weight in neonates as a risk factor for obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease in pediatric and adult age
topic Medicine
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8850406/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35186967
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.769734
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