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The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole
The catalytic depletion of Antarctic stratospheric ozone is linked to anthropogenic emissions of chlorine and bromine. Despite its larger ozone-depleting efficiency, the contribution of ocean-emitted iodine to ozone hole chemistry has not been evaluated, due to the negligible iodine levels previousl...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
National Academy of Sciences
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8851550/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35131938 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110864119 |
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author | Cuevas, Carlos A. Fernandez, Rafael P. Kinnison, Douglas E. Li, Qinyi Lamarque, Jean-François Trabelsi, Tarek Francisco, Joseph S. Solomon, Susan Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso |
author_facet | Cuevas, Carlos A. Fernandez, Rafael P. Kinnison, Douglas E. Li, Qinyi Lamarque, Jean-François Trabelsi, Tarek Francisco, Joseph S. Solomon, Susan Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso |
author_sort | Cuevas, Carlos A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The catalytic depletion of Antarctic stratospheric ozone is linked to anthropogenic emissions of chlorine and bromine. Despite its larger ozone-depleting efficiency, the contribution of ocean-emitted iodine to ozone hole chemistry has not been evaluated, due to the negligible iodine levels previously reported to reach the stratosphere. Based on the recently observed range (0.77 ± 0.1 parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) of stratospheric iodine injection, we use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to assess the role of iodine in the formation and recent past evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole. Our 1980–2015 simulations indicate that iodine can significantly impact the lower part of the Antarctic ozone hole, contributing, on average, 10% of the lower stratospheric ozone loss during spring (up to 4.2% of the total stratospheric column). We find that the inclusion of iodine advances the beginning and delays the closure stages of the ozone hole by 3 d to 5 d, increasing its area and mass deficit by 11% and 20%, respectively. Despite being present in much smaller amounts, and due to faster gas-phase photochemical reactivation, iodine can dominate (∼73%) the halogen-mediated lower stratospheric ozone loss during summer and early fall, when the heterogeneous reactivation of inorganic chlorine and bromine reservoirs is reduced. The stratospheric ozone destruction caused by 0.77 pptv of iodine over Antarctica is equivalent to that of 3.1 (4.6) pptv of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons during spring (rest of sunlit period). The relative contribution of iodine to future stratospheric ozone loss is likely to increase as anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions decline following the Montreal Protocol. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8851550 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | National Academy of Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88515502022-02-18 The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole Cuevas, Carlos A. Fernandez, Rafael P. Kinnison, Douglas E. Li, Qinyi Lamarque, Jean-François Trabelsi, Tarek Francisco, Joseph S. Solomon, Susan Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Physical Sciences The catalytic depletion of Antarctic stratospheric ozone is linked to anthropogenic emissions of chlorine and bromine. Despite its larger ozone-depleting efficiency, the contribution of ocean-emitted iodine to ozone hole chemistry has not been evaluated, due to the negligible iodine levels previously reported to reach the stratosphere. Based on the recently observed range (0.77 ± 0.1 parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) of stratospheric iodine injection, we use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to assess the role of iodine in the formation and recent past evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole. Our 1980–2015 simulations indicate that iodine can significantly impact the lower part of the Antarctic ozone hole, contributing, on average, 10% of the lower stratospheric ozone loss during spring (up to 4.2% of the total stratospheric column). We find that the inclusion of iodine advances the beginning and delays the closure stages of the ozone hole by 3 d to 5 d, increasing its area and mass deficit by 11% and 20%, respectively. Despite being present in much smaller amounts, and due to faster gas-phase photochemical reactivation, iodine can dominate (∼73%) the halogen-mediated lower stratospheric ozone loss during summer and early fall, when the heterogeneous reactivation of inorganic chlorine and bromine reservoirs is reduced. The stratospheric ozone destruction caused by 0.77 pptv of iodine over Antarctica is equivalent to that of 3.1 (4.6) pptv of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons during spring (rest of sunlit period). The relative contribution of iodine to future stratospheric ozone loss is likely to increase as anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions decline following the Montreal Protocol. National Academy of Sciences 2022-02-07 2022-02-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8851550/ /pubmed/35131938 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110864119 Text en Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Physical Sciences Cuevas, Carlos A. Fernandez, Rafael P. Kinnison, Douglas E. Li, Qinyi Lamarque, Jean-François Trabelsi, Tarek Francisco, Joseph S. Solomon, Susan Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
title | The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
title_full | The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
title_fullStr | The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
title_full_unstemmed | The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
title_short | The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
title_sort | influence of iodine on the antarctic stratospheric ozone hole |
topic | Physical Sciences |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8851550/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35131938 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110864119 |
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