Cardiorespiratory kinetics in exercise physiology: estimates and predictions using randomized changes in work rate

PURPOSE: Kinetics of cardiorespiratory parameters (CRP) in response to work rate (WR) changes are evaluated by pseudo-random binary sequences (PRBS testing). In this study, two algorithms were applied to convert responses from PRBS testing into appropriate impulse responses to predict steady states values and responses to incremental increases in exercise intensity. METHODS: 13 individuals (age: 41 ± 9 years, BMI: 23.8 ± 3.7 kg m(−2)), completing an exercise test protocol, comprising a section of randomized changes of 30 W and 80 W (PRBS), two phases of constant WR at 30 W and 80 W and incremental WR until subjective fatigue, were included in the analysis. Ventilation ([Formula: see text] ), O(2) uptake ([Formula: see text] ), CO(2) output ([Formula: see text] ) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Impulse responses were calculated in the time domain and in the frequency domain from the cross-correlations of WR and the respective CRP. RESULTS: The algorithm in the time domain allows better prediction for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] , whereas for [Formula: see text] and HR the results were similar for both algorithms. Best predictions were found for [Formula: see text] and HR with higher (3–4%) 30 W steady states and lower (1–4%) values for 80 W. Tendencies were found in the residuals between predicted and measured data. CONCLUSION: The CRP kinetics, resulting from PRBS testing, are qualified to assess steady states within the applied WR range. Below the ventilatory threshold, [Formula: see text] and HR responses to incrementally increasing exercise intensities can be sufficiently predicted.