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Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia
The World Health Organization emphasizes the urgency to assess and limit the intake of free sugar (FS) among individuals in order to prevent several non-communicable diseases. However, data regarding intake of FS are lacking in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East. A reliable valid tool is needed to...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8854795/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35187016 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.742737 |
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author | Mumena, Walaa Abdullah Kutbi, Hebah Alawi |
author_facet | Mumena, Walaa Abdullah Kutbi, Hebah Alawi |
author_sort | Mumena, Walaa Abdullah |
collection | PubMed |
description | The World Health Organization emphasizes the urgency to assess and limit the intake of free sugar (FS) among individuals in order to prevent several non-communicable diseases. However, data regarding intake of FS are lacking in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East. A reliable valid tool is needed to assess children's habitual intake of FS. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that assesses children's habitual intake of FS in Saudi Arabia. In this cross-sectional study, 424 healthy Saudi children ages 6–12 years were included using river sampling method. Sociodemographic data and contact information were collected from mothers using an online survey. Dietary data were collected using 24-h dietary recalls (reference method) and a semi-quantitative FFQ through phone interviews. Items and food groups included in the initial draft of the FFQ were adopted from previous work. Content validity was done to the FFQ with total of 12 food groups and 41 food items. Next, a pilot study was conducted to estimate the sample size needed for the study and to ensure that all items reported in the 24-h dietary recalls were included in the final draft of the FFQ. Finally, data were collected to assess the validity and reliability of the FFQ at the population level. Mean intake of FS assessed by the FFQ was significantly higher than that assessed by the 24-h dietary recalls. Spearman's correlation between total FS assessed by the FFQ and 24-h dietary recall was positively low (r(s) = 0.30, p < 0.001). The coefficient alpha indicated an acceptable level of internal consistency (α = 0.74, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability for total FS intake assessed by the FFQ was positively high (r(s) = 0.82). A slight agreement between FS intake assessed by the FFQ and the 24-h dietary recall was seen among the study sample (κ = 0.21, p < 0.001). The newly developed FFQ was found to be reasonably valid in assessing children's habitual intake of FS in Saudi Arabia. Validating the instrument among older population in Saudi Arabia is warranted. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8854795 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88547952022-02-19 Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia Mumena, Walaa Abdullah Kutbi, Hebah Alawi Front Nutr Nutrition The World Health Organization emphasizes the urgency to assess and limit the intake of free sugar (FS) among individuals in order to prevent several non-communicable diseases. However, data regarding intake of FS are lacking in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East. A reliable valid tool is needed to assess children's habitual intake of FS. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that assesses children's habitual intake of FS in Saudi Arabia. In this cross-sectional study, 424 healthy Saudi children ages 6–12 years were included using river sampling method. Sociodemographic data and contact information were collected from mothers using an online survey. Dietary data were collected using 24-h dietary recalls (reference method) and a semi-quantitative FFQ through phone interviews. Items and food groups included in the initial draft of the FFQ were adopted from previous work. Content validity was done to the FFQ with total of 12 food groups and 41 food items. Next, a pilot study was conducted to estimate the sample size needed for the study and to ensure that all items reported in the 24-h dietary recalls were included in the final draft of the FFQ. Finally, data were collected to assess the validity and reliability of the FFQ at the population level. Mean intake of FS assessed by the FFQ was significantly higher than that assessed by the 24-h dietary recalls. Spearman's correlation between total FS assessed by the FFQ and 24-h dietary recall was positively low (r(s) = 0.30, p < 0.001). The coefficient alpha indicated an acceptable level of internal consistency (α = 0.74, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability for total FS intake assessed by the FFQ was positively high (r(s) = 0.82). A slight agreement between FS intake assessed by the FFQ and the 24-h dietary recall was seen among the study sample (κ = 0.21, p < 0.001). The newly developed FFQ was found to be reasonably valid in assessing children's habitual intake of FS in Saudi Arabia. Validating the instrument among older population in Saudi Arabia is warranted. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8854795/ /pubmed/35187016 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.742737 Text en Copyright © 2022 Mumena and Kutbi. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Nutrition Mumena, Walaa Abdullah Kutbi, Hebah Alawi Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia |
title | Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia |
title_full | Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia |
title_fullStr | Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia |
title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia |
title_short | Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Habitual Intake of Free Sugar Among Children in Saudi Arabia |
title_sort | development of a food frequency questionnaire for assessing habitual intake of free sugar among children in saudi arabia |
topic | Nutrition |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8854795/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35187016 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.742737 |
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