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Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study

BACKGROUND: The fat-soluble K vitamins K1 and K2 play an essential role in the blood coagulation cascade and are made available predominantly through selective dietary intakes. They are less known for their nonessential roles in a family of vitamin K–dependent proteins that promote various functions...

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Autores principales: Vaidya, Rama, Vaidya, Ashok D B, Sheth, Jayesh, Jadhav, Shashank, Mahale, Umakant, Mehta, Dilip, Popko, Janusz, Badmaev, Vladimir, Stohs, Sidney J
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: JMIR Publications 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8855304/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35113033
http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31941
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author Vaidya, Rama
Vaidya, Ashok D B
Sheth, Jayesh
Jadhav, Shashank
Mahale, Umakant
Mehta, Dilip
Popko, Janusz
Badmaev, Vladimir
Stohs, Sidney J
author_facet Vaidya, Rama
Vaidya, Ashok D B
Sheth, Jayesh
Jadhav, Shashank
Mahale, Umakant
Mehta, Dilip
Popko, Janusz
Badmaev, Vladimir
Stohs, Sidney J
author_sort Vaidya, Rama
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The fat-soluble K vitamins K1 and K2 play an essential role in the blood coagulation cascade and are made available predominantly through selective dietary intakes. They are less known for their nonessential roles in a family of vitamin K–dependent proteins that promote various functions of organs and systems in the body. A lack of vitamin K can characterize vitamin and nutritional element insufficiency, which is different from a clinically apparent vitamin deficiency. OBJECTIVE: This epidemiological study evaluated the nutritional status of vitamin K in a sample of the Indian population and vitamin K content in staple Indian foods. METHODS: Serum levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in the form of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) were assessed via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection in 209 patients with type 2 diabetes, 50 healthy volunteers, and common staple foods in India. RESULTS: After comparing populations with high and low serum vitamin K levels from various geographical regions, our results indicated that the sample of healthy Indian individuals and the sample of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes had low (insufficient) levels of vitamin K2 (MK-7; range 0.3-0.4 ng/mL). No significant differences existed in vitamin K1–related and MK-7–related values between healthy male and female subjects, between male and female subjects with diabetes, and between the healthy sample and the sample of patients with diabetes. The staple, commonly consumed Indian foods that were tested in this study had undetectable levels of vitamin K2, while levels of vitamin K1 varied widely (range 0-37 µg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our sample’s low serum levels of vitamin K2 (MK-7) as well as the low levels of vitamin K2 in their typical diet, we propose that the general Indian population could benefit from the consumption of vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7 supplements. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2019/05/014246; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=21660&EncHid=&userName=014246; Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2019/03/018278; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=32349&EncHid=&userName=018278
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spelling pubmed-88553042022-03-08 Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study Vaidya, Rama Vaidya, Ashok D B Sheth, Jayesh Jadhav, Shashank Mahale, Umakant Mehta, Dilip Popko, Janusz Badmaev, Vladimir Stohs, Sidney J JMIR Public Health Surveill Original Paper BACKGROUND: The fat-soluble K vitamins K1 and K2 play an essential role in the blood coagulation cascade and are made available predominantly through selective dietary intakes. They are less known for their nonessential roles in a family of vitamin K–dependent proteins that promote various functions of organs and systems in the body. A lack of vitamin K can characterize vitamin and nutritional element insufficiency, which is different from a clinically apparent vitamin deficiency. OBJECTIVE: This epidemiological study evaluated the nutritional status of vitamin K in a sample of the Indian population and vitamin K content in staple Indian foods. METHODS: Serum levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 in the form of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) were assessed via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection in 209 patients with type 2 diabetes, 50 healthy volunteers, and common staple foods in India. RESULTS: After comparing populations with high and low serum vitamin K levels from various geographical regions, our results indicated that the sample of healthy Indian individuals and the sample of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes had low (insufficient) levels of vitamin K2 (MK-7; range 0.3-0.4 ng/mL). No significant differences existed in vitamin K1–related and MK-7–related values between healthy male and female subjects, between male and female subjects with diabetes, and between the healthy sample and the sample of patients with diabetes. The staple, commonly consumed Indian foods that were tested in this study had undetectable levels of vitamin K2, while levels of vitamin K1 varied widely (range 0-37 µg/100 g). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our sample’s low serum levels of vitamin K2 (MK-7) as well as the low levels of vitamin K2 in their typical diet, we propose that the general Indian population could benefit from the consumption of vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7 supplements. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2019/05/014246; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=21660&EncHid=&userName=014246; Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2019/03/018278; http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=32349&EncHid=&userName=018278 JMIR Publications 2022-02-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8855304/ /pubmed/35113033 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31941 Text en ©Rama Vaidya, Ashok D B Vaidya, Jayesh Sheth, Shashank Jadhav, Umakant Mahale, Dilip Mehta, Janusz Popko, Vladimir Badmaev, Sidney J Stohs. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (https://publichealth.jmir.org), 03.02.2022. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://publichealth.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
spellingShingle Original Paper
Vaidya, Rama
Vaidya, Ashok D B
Sheth, Jayesh
Jadhav, Shashank
Mahale, Umakant
Mehta, Dilip
Popko, Janusz
Badmaev, Vladimir
Stohs, Sidney J
Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
title Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
title_full Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
title_fullStr Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
title_full_unstemmed Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
title_short Vitamin K Insufficiency in the Indian Population: Pilot Observational Epidemiology Study
title_sort vitamin k insufficiency in the indian population: pilot observational epidemiology study
topic Original Paper
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8855304/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35113033
http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31941
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