Persistent high glucose induced EPB41L4A‐AS1 inhibits glucose uptake via GCN5 mediating crotonylation and acetylation of histones and non‐histones

BACKGROUND: Persistent hyperglycemia decreases the sensitivity of insulin‐sensitive organs to insulin, owing to which cells fail to take up and utilize glucose, which exacerbates the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). lncRNAs' abnormal expression is reported to be associated with the progression of diabetes and plays a significant role in glucose metabolism. Herein, we study the detailed mechanism underlying the functions of lncRNA EPB41L4A‐AS1in T2DM. METHODS: Data from GEO datasets were used to analyze the expression of EPB41L4A‐AS1 between insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes patients and the healthy people. Gene expression was evaluated by qRT‐PCR and western blotting. Glucose uptake was measured by Glucose Uptake Fluorometric Assay Kit. Glucose tolerance of mice was detected by Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests. Cell viability was assessed by CCK‐8 assay. The interaction between EPB41L4A‐AS1 and GCN5 was explored by RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull‐down and RNA‐FISH combined immunofluorescence. Oxygen consumption rate was tested by Seahorse XF Mito Stress Test. RESULTS: EPB41L4A‐AS1 was abnormally increased in the liver of patients with T2DM and upregulated in the muscle cells of patients with insulin resistance and in T2DM cell models. The upregulation was associated with increased TP53 expression and reduced glucose uptake. Mechanistically, through interaction with GCN5, EPB41L4A‐AS1 regulated histone H3K27 crotonylation in the GLUT4 promoter region and nonhistone PGC1β acetylation, which inhibited GLUT4 transcription and suppressed glucose uptake by muscle cells. In contrast, EPB41L4A‐AS1 binding to GCN5 enhanced H3K27 and H3K14 acetylation in the TXNIP promoter region, which activated transcription by promoting the recruitment of the transcriptional activator MLXIP. This enhanced GLUT4/2 endocytosis and further suppressed glucose uptake. CONCLUSION: Our study first showed that the EPB41L4A‐AS1/GCN5 complex repressed glucose uptake via targeting GLUT4/2 and TXNIP by regulating histone and nonhistone acetylation or crotonylation. Since a weaker glucose uptake ability is one of the major clinical features of T2DM, the inhibition of EPB41L4A‐AS1 expression seems to be a potentially effective strategy for drug development in T2DM treatment.