Immune Checkpoint Blockade Augments Changes Within Oncolytic Virus-induced Cancer MHC-I Peptidome, Creating Novel Antitumor CD8 T Cell Reactivities

The combination cancer immunotherapies with oncolytic virus (OV) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) reinstate otherwise dysfunctional antitumor CD8 T cell responses. One major mechanism that aids such reinstatement of antitumor CD8 T cells involves the availability of new class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I)-bound tumor epitopes following therapeutic intervention. Thus, therapy-induced changes within the MHC-I peptidome hold the key to understanding the clinical implications for therapy-reinstated CD8 T cell responses. Here, using mass spectrometry–based immuno-affinity methods and tumor-bearing animals treated with OV and ICB (alone or in combination), we captured the therapy-induced alterations within the tumor MHC-I peptidome, which were then tested for their CD8 T cell response-stimulating activity. We found that the oncolytic reovirus monotherapy drives up- as well as downexpression of tumor MHC-I peptides in a cancer type and oncolysis susceptibility dependent manner. Interestingly, the combination of reovirus + ICB results in higher numbers of differentially expressed MHC-I-associated peptides (DEMHCPs) relative to either monotherapies. Most importantly, OV+ICB-driven DEMHCPs contain biologically active epitopes that stimulate interferon-gamma responses in cognate CD8 T cells, which may mediate clinically desired antitumor attack and cancer immunoediting. These findings highlight that the therapy-induced changes to the MHC-I peptidome contribute toward the reinstated antitumor CD8 T cell attack established following OV + ICB combination cancer immunotherapy.