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Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones

SIMPLE SUMMARY: For birds, the uropygial gland is a special organ. We believe that its secretion can be used as a pheromone between the sexes to play a role in mate selection and mating. Therefore, we studied the chemical composition of duck uropygial gland secretions and the differences between mal...

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Autores principales: Liu, Hehe, Yang, Zhao, He, Yifa, Yang, Qinglan, Tang, Qian, Yang, Zhenghui, Qi, Jingjing, Hu, Qian, Bai, Lili, Li, Liang
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8868514/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35203121
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040413
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author Liu, Hehe
Yang, Zhao
He, Yifa
Yang, Qinglan
Tang, Qian
Yang, Zhenghui
Qi, Jingjing
Hu, Qian
Bai, Lili
Li, Liang
author_facet Liu, Hehe
Yang, Zhao
He, Yifa
Yang, Qinglan
Tang, Qian
Yang, Zhenghui
Qi, Jingjing
Hu, Qian
Bai, Lili
Li, Liang
author_sort Liu, Hehe
collection PubMed
description SIMPLE SUMMARY: For birds, the uropygial gland is a special organ. We believe that its secretion can be used as a pheromone between the sexes to play a role in mate selection and mating. Therefore, we studied the chemical composition of duck uropygial gland secretions and the differences between males and females. After a series of screenings, 24 different volatile metabolites were obtained in our experiment. On this basis, five extremely significant volatile metabolites were screened out—significantly more males than females. The results show that these volatile substances are potential sex pheromone substances, which may be the critical olfactory clues for birds to choose mates. Our results lay the foundation for further research on whether uropygial gland secretion affects duck reproduction and production. ABSTRACT: The exchange of information between animals is crucial for maintaining social relations, individual survival, and reproduction, etc. The uropygial gland is a particular secretion gland found in birds. We speculated that uropygial gland secretions might act as a chemical signal responsible for sexual communication. We employed non-targeted metabolomic technology through liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identifying duck uropygial gland secretions. We observed 11,311 and 14,321 chemical substances in the uropygial gland secretion for positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Based on their relative contents, principal component analysis (PCA) showed that gender significantly affects the metabolite composition of the duck uropygial gland. A total of 3831 and 4510 differential metabolites were further identified between the two sexes at the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Of them, 139 differential metabolites were finally annotated. Among the 80 differential metabolites that reached an extremely significant difference (p < 0.01), we identified 24 volatile substances. Moreover, we further demonstrated that five kinds of volatile substances are highly repeatable in all testing ducks, including picolinic acid, 3-Hydroxypicolinic acid, indoleacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid, and 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid. All these substances are significantly higher in males than in females, and their functions are involved in the reproduction processes of birds. Our data implied that these volatile substances act as sex pheromones and may be crucial olfactory clues for mate selection between birds. Our findings laid the foundation for future research on whether uropygial gland secretion can affect ducks’ reproduction and production.
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spelling pubmed-88685142022-02-25 Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones Liu, Hehe Yang, Zhao He, Yifa Yang, Qinglan Tang, Qian Yang, Zhenghui Qi, Jingjing Hu, Qian Bai, Lili Li, Liang Animals (Basel) Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: For birds, the uropygial gland is a special organ. We believe that its secretion can be used as a pheromone between the sexes to play a role in mate selection and mating. Therefore, we studied the chemical composition of duck uropygial gland secretions and the differences between males and females. After a series of screenings, 24 different volatile metabolites were obtained in our experiment. On this basis, five extremely significant volatile metabolites were screened out—significantly more males than females. The results show that these volatile substances are potential sex pheromone substances, which may be the critical olfactory clues for birds to choose mates. Our results lay the foundation for further research on whether uropygial gland secretion affects duck reproduction and production. ABSTRACT: The exchange of information between animals is crucial for maintaining social relations, individual survival, and reproduction, etc. The uropygial gland is a particular secretion gland found in birds. We speculated that uropygial gland secretions might act as a chemical signal responsible for sexual communication. We employed non-targeted metabolomic technology through liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identifying duck uropygial gland secretions. We observed 11,311 and 14,321 chemical substances in the uropygial gland secretion for positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Based on their relative contents, principal component analysis (PCA) showed that gender significantly affects the metabolite composition of the duck uropygial gland. A total of 3831 and 4510 differential metabolites were further identified between the two sexes at the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Of them, 139 differential metabolites were finally annotated. Among the 80 differential metabolites that reached an extremely significant difference (p < 0.01), we identified 24 volatile substances. Moreover, we further demonstrated that five kinds of volatile substances are highly repeatable in all testing ducks, including picolinic acid, 3-Hydroxypicolinic acid, indoleacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxymethylglutaric acid, and 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid. All these substances are significantly higher in males than in females, and their functions are involved in the reproduction processes of birds. Our data implied that these volatile substances act as sex pheromones and may be crucial olfactory clues for mate selection between birds. Our findings laid the foundation for future research on whether uropygial gland secretion can affect ducks’ reproduction and production. MDPI 2022-02-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8868514/ /pubmed/35203121 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040413 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Liu, Hehe
Yang, Zhao
He, Yifa
Yang, Qinglan
Tang, Qian
Yang, Zhenghui
Qi, Jingjing
Hu, Qian
Bai, Lili
Li, Liang
Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones
title Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones
title_full Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones
title_fullStr Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones
title_full_unstemmed Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones
title_short Metabolic Profiling Reveals That the Olfactory Cues in the Duck Uropygial Gland Potentially Act as Sex Pheromones
title_sort metabolic profiling reveals that the olfactory cues in the duck uropygial gland potentially act as sex pheromones
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8868514/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35203121
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040413
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