Potassium (K(+)) Starvation-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers a General Boost of Antioxidant and NADPH-Generating Systems in the Halophyte Cakile maritima

Potassium (K(+)) is an essential macro-element for plant growth and development given its implication in major processes such as photosynthesis, osmoregulation, protein synthesis, and enzyme function. Using 30-day-old Cakile maritima plants as halophyte model grown under K(+) deprivation for 15 days, it was analyzed at the biochemical level to determine the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key photorespiratory enzymes, and the main NADPH-generating systems. K(+) starvation-induced oxidative stress was noticed by high malondialdehyde (MDA) content associated with an increase of superoxide radical (O(2)(•−)) in leaves from K(+)-deficient plants. K(+) shortage led to an overall increase in the activity of hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR) and glycolate oxidase (GOX), as well as of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), those of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the main enzymes involved in the NADPH generation in both leaves and roots. Especially remarkable was the induction of up to seven CuZn-SOD isozymes in leaves due to K(+) deficiency. As a whole, data show that the K(+) starvation has associated oxidative stress that boosts a biochemical response leading to a general increase of the antioxidant and NADPH-generating systems that allow the survival of the halophyte Cakile maritima.