Cargando…

Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables

Studying neurobehavioral consequences of the hypofunctional dopamine transporter (DAT) across several generations entails the need to monitor allelic transmission to offspring, taking into account both maternal and paternal inheritance. Since each type of heterozygote expresses differential phenotyp...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Liberati, Anna Sara, Calcaprina, Barbara, Adriani, Walter
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8874286/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35221940
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.781235
_version_ 1784657650599854080
author Liberati, Anna Sara
Calcaprina, Barbara
Adriani, Walter
author_facet Liberati, Anna Sara
Calcaprina, Barbara
Adriani, Walter
author_sort Liberati, Anna Sara
collection PubMed
description Studying neurobehavioral consequences of the hypofunctional dopamine transporter (DAT) across several generations entails the need to monitor allelic transmission to offspring, taking into account both maternal and paternal inheritance. Since each type of heterozygote expresses differential phenotypes, based on lineage of inheritance for wild and mutated alleles (from male or female ancestors), it is important to track transgenerational epigenetic effects. We deemed it essential to assign specific abbreviations identifying their characteristics. Therefore, we devised a Mendelian-inspired table to keep track of these. Starting from two progenitors (WT and KO) we named resulting heterozygous progenies MAT and PAT to differentiate them based on inheritance of the wild allele (from the mother or father). Tracing subsequent generations, similar logic has been followed: if coupling HET dams with KO males, initials “M” [(grand)maternal] and “P” [(grand)paternal] are kept, but “AT” is turned into “IX” (MIX and PIX), while if breeding HETs with WTs, “M” is changed to “W” resembling an upside down “M” and “P” to “S” for “sperm” (WAT and SOT). To underline the development within “hyperdopaminergic-uterus” a central letter “U” is added (MUX, PUX, and QULL), while a Greek initial (μAT, μIX, and νIX) underlines the uterine-worsened origin of the allele. In HET × HET breeding (GIX and DIX), the mutated allele can be inherited from both sides of the genealogical line. However, when the mother is MAT, wild and mutated alleles encounter for the first time, causing putative anomalies in the progeny. Replacing dam with a second-generation female (MIX and MUX) may mitigate epigenetic effects on third-generation offspring; therefore suffixes (“-f,” “-fu,” “-ϕ,” and “-ϕu”) emphasize that subsequent-generation dams imply that the alleles already encountered in HET (rather than WT) grand-dams.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8874286
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-88742862022-02-26 Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables Liberati, Anna Sara Calcaprina, Barbara Adriani, Walter Front Behav Neurosci Neuroscience Studying neurobehavioral consequences of the hypofunctional dopamine transporter (DAT) across several generations entails the need to monitor allelic transmission to offspring, taking into account both maternal and paternal inheritance. Since each type of heterozygote expresses differential phenotypes, based on lineage of inheritance for wild and mutated alleles (from male or female ancestors), it is important to track transgenerational epigenetic effects. We deemed it essential to assign specific abbreviations identifying their characteristics. Therefore, we devised a Mendelian-inspired table to keep track of these. Starting from two progenitors (WT and KO) we named resulting heterozygous progenies MAT and PAT to differentiate them based on inheritance of the wild allele (from the mother or father). Tracing subsequent generations, similar logic has been followed: if coupling HET dams with KO males, initials “M” [(grand)maternal] and “P” [(grand)paternal] are kept, but “AT” is turned into “IX” (MIX and PIX), while if breeding HETs with WTs, “M” is changed to “W” resembling an upside down “M” and “P” to “S” for “sperm” (WAT and SOT). To underline the development within “hyperdopaminergic-uterus” a central letter “U” is added (MUX, PUX, and QULL), while a Greek initial (μAT, μIX, and νIX) underlines the uterine-worsened origin of the allele. In HET × HET breeding (GIX and DIX), the mutated allele can be inherited from both sides of the genealogical line. However, when the mother is MAT, wild and mutated alleles encounter for the first time, causing putative anomalies in the progeny. Replacing dam with a second-generation female (MIX and MUX) may mitigate epigenetic effects on third-generation offspring; therefore suffixes (“-f,” “-fu,” “-ϕ,” and “-ϕu”) emphasize that subsequent-generation dams imply that the alleles already encountered in HET (rather than WT) grand-dams. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-11 /pmc/articles/PMC8874286/ /pubmed/35221940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.781235 Text en Copyright © 2022 Liberati, Calcaprina and Adriani. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Liberati, Anna Sara
Calcaprina, Barbara
Adriani, Walter
Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
title Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
title_full Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
title_fullStr Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
title_full_unstemmed Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
title_short Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
title_sort keeping track of the genealogy of heterozygotes using epigenetic reference codes and breeding tables
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8874286/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35221940
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.781235
work_keys_str_mv AT liberatiannasara keepingtrackofthegenealogyofheterozygotesusingepigeneticreferencecodesandbreedingtables
AT calcaprinabarbara keepingtrackofthegenealogyofheterozygotesusingepigeneticreferencecodesandbreedingtables
AT adrianiwalter keepingtrackofthegenealogyofheterozygotesusingepigeneticreferencecodesandbreedingtables