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Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables
Studying neurobehavioral consequences of the hypofunctional dopamine transporter (DAT) across several generations entails the need to monitor allelic transmission to offspring, taking into account both maternal and paternal inheritance. Since each type of heterozygote expresses differential phenotyp...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8874286/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35221940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.781235 |
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author | Liberati, Anna Sara Calcaprina, Barbara Adriani, Walter |
author_facet | Liberati, Anna Sara Calcaprina, Barbara Adriani, Walter |
author_sort | Liberati, Anna Sara |
collection | PubMed |
description | Studying neurobehavioral consequences of the hypofunctional dopamine transporter (DAT) across several generations entails the need to monitor allelic transmission to offspring, taking into account both maternal and paternal inheritance. Since each type of heterozygote expresses differential phenotypes, based on lineage of inheritance for wild and mutated alleles (from male or female ancestors), it is important to track transgenerational epigenetic effects. We deemed it essential to assign specific abbreviations identifying their characteristics. Therefore, we devised a Mendelian-inspired table to keep track of these. Starting from two progenitors (WT and KO) we named resulting heterozygous progenies MAT and PAT to differentiate them based on inheritance of the wild allele (from the mother or father). Tracing subsequent generations, similar logic has been followed: if coupling HET dams with KO males, initials “M” [(grand)maternal] and “P” [(grand)paternal] are kept, but “AT” is turned into “IX” (MIX and PIX), while if breeding HETs with WTs, “M” is changed to “W” resembling an upside down “M” and “P” to “S” for “sperm” (WAT and SOT). To underline the development within “hyperdopaminergic-uterus” a central letter “U” is added (MUX, PUX, and QULL), while a Greek initial (μAT, μIX, and νIX) underlines the uterine-worsened origin of the allele. In HET × HET breeding (GIX and DIX), the mutated allele can be inherited from both sides of the genealogical line. However, when the mother is MAT, wild and mutated alleles encounter for the first time, causing putative anomalies in the progeny. Replacing dam with a second-generation female (MIX and MUX) may mitigate epigenetic effects on third-generation offspring; therefore suffixes (“-f,” “-fu,” “-ϕ,” and “-ϕu”) emphasize that subsequent-generation dams imply that the alleles already encountered in HET (rather than WT) grand-dams. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8874286 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88742862022-02-26 Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables Liberati, Anna Sara Calcaprina, Barbara Adriani, Walter Front Behav Neurosci Neuroscience Studying neurobehavioral consequences of the hypofunctional dopamine transporter (DAT) across several generations entails the need to monitor allelic transmission to offspring, taking into account both maternal and paternal inheritance. Since each type of heterozygote expresses differential phenotypes, based on lineage of inheritance for wild and mutated alleles (from male or female ancestors), it is important to track transgenerational epigenetic effects. We deemed it essential to assign specific abbreviations identifying their characteristics. Therefore, we devised a Mendelian-inspired table to keep track of these. Starting from two progenitors (WT and KO) we named resulting heterozygous progenies MAT and PAT to differentiate them based on inheritance of the wild allele (from the mother or father). Tracing subsequent generations, similar logic has been followed: if coupling HET dams with KO males, initials “M” [(grand)maternal] and “P” [(grand)paternal] are kept, but “AT” is turned into “IX” (MIX and PIX), while if breeding HETs with WTs, “M” is changed to “W” resembling an upside down “M” and “P” to “S” for “sperm” (WAT and SOT). To underline the development within “hyperdopaminergic-uterus” a central letter “U” is added (MUX, PUX, and QULL), while a Greek initial (μAT, μIX, and νIX) underlines the uterine-worsened origin of the allele. In HET × HET breeding (GIX and DIX), the mutated allele can be inherited from both sides of the genealogical line. However, when the mother is MAT, wild and mutated alleles encounter for the first time, causing putative anomalies in the progeny. Replacing dam with a second-generation female (MIX and MUX) may mitigate epigenetic effects on third-generation offspring; therefore suffixes (“-f,” “-fu,” “-ϕ,” and “-ϕu”) emphasize that subsequent-generation dams imply that the alleles already encountered in HET (rather than WT) grand-dams. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-11 /pmc/articles/PMC8874286/ /pubmed/35221940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.781235 Text en Copyright © 2022 Liberati, Calcaprina and Adriani. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Liberati, Anna Sara Calcaprina, Barbara Adriani, Walter Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables |
title | Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables |
title_full | Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables |
title_fullStr | Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables |
title_full_unstemmed | Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables |
title_short | Keeping Track of the Genealogy of Heterozygotes Using Epigenetic Reference Codes and Breeding Tables |
title_sort | keeping track of the genealogy of heterozygotes using epigenetic reference codes and breeding tables |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8874286/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35221940 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.781235 |
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