SNR-Enhanced, Rapid Electrical Conductivity Mapping Using Echo-Shifted MRI

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) permits high-spatial resolution electrical conductivity mapping of biological tissues, and its quantification accuracy hinges on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the current-induced magnetic flux density (B(z)). The purpose of this work was to achieve B(z) SNR-enhanced rapid conductivity imaging by developing an echo-shifted steady-state incoherent imaging-based MREIT technique. In the proposed pulse sequence, the free-induction-decay signal is shifted in time over multiple imaging slices, and as a result is exposed to a plurality of injecting current pulses before forming an echo. Thus, the proposed multi-slice echo-shifting strategy allows a high SNR for B(z) for a given number of current injections. However, with increasing the time of echo formation, the B(z) SNR will also be compromised by T(2)*-related signal loss. Hence, numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the relationship between the echo-shifting and the B(z) SNR, and subsequently to determine the optimal imaging parameters. Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method over conventional spin-echo-based MREIT. Compared with the reference spin-echo MREIT, the proposed echo-shifting-based method improves the efficiency in both data acquisition and current injection while retaining the accuracy of conductivity quantification. The results suggest the feasibility of the proposed MREIT method as a practical means for conductivity mapping.