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An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution

Although variola virus (VARV) has been eradicated through widespread vaccination, other orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans circulate in nature. Recently, new orthopoxviruses, including some able to infect humans, have been found and their complete genomes have been sequenced. Questions about the...

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Autores principales: Babkin, Igor V., Babkina, Irina N., Tikunova, Nina V.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8875945/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35215981
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020388
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author Babkin, Igor V.
Babkina, Irina N.
Tikunova, Nina V.
author_facet Babkin, Igor V.
Babkina, Irina N.
Tikunova, Nina V.
author_sort Babkin, Igor V.
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description Although variola virus (VARV) has been eradicated through widespread vaccination, other orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans circulate in nature. Recently, new orthopoxviruses, including some able to infect humans, have been found and their complete genomes have been sequenced. Questions about the orthopoxvirus mutation rate and the emergence of new threats to humankind as a result of the evolution of circulating orthopoxviruses remain open. Based on contemporary data on ancient VARV DNA and DNA of new orthopoxvirus species, an analysis of the molecular evolution of orthopoxviruses was carried out and the timescale of their emergence was estimated. It was calculated that the orthopoxviruses of the Old and New Worlds separated approximately 40,000 years ago; the recently discovered Akhmeta virus and Alaskapox virus separated from other orthopoxviruses approximately 10,000–20,000 years ago; the rest of modern orthopoxvirus species originated from 1700 to 6000 years ago, with the exception of VARV, which emerged in approximately 300 AD. Later, there was a separation of genetic variants of some orthopoxvirus species, so the monkeypox virus West African subtype originated approximately 600 years ago, and the VARV minor alastrim subtype emerged approximately 300 years ago.
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spelling pubmed-88759452022-02-26 An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution Babkin, Igor V. Babkina, Irina N. Tikunova, Nina V. Viruses Article Although variola virus (VARV) has been eradicated through widespread vaccination, other orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans circulate in nature. Recently, new orthopoxviruses, including some able to infect humans, have been found and their complete genomes have been sequenced. Questions about the orthopoxvirus mutation rate and the emergence of new threats to humankind as a result of the evolution of circulating orthopoxviruses remain open. Based on contemporary data on ancient VARV DNA and DNA of new orthopoxvirus species, an analysis of the molecular evolution of orthopoxviruses was carried out and the timescale of their emergence was estimated. It was calculated that the orthopoxviruses of the Old and New Worlds separated approximately 40,000 years ago; the recently discovered Akhmeta virus and Alaskapox virus separated from other orthopoxviruses approximately 10,000–20,000 years ago; the rest of modern orthopoxvirus species originated from 1700 to 6000 years ago, with the exception of VARV, which emerged in approximately 300 AD. Later, there was a separation of genetic variants of some orthopoxvirus species, so the monkeypox virus West African subtype originated approximately 600 years ago, and the VARV minor alastrim subtype emerged approximately 300 years ago. MDPI 2022-02-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8875945/ /pubmed/35215981 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020388 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Babkin, Igor V.
Babkina, Irina N.
Tikunova, Nina V.
An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution
title An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution
title_full An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution
title_fullStr An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution
title_full_unstemmed An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution
title_short An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution
title_sort update of orthopoxvirus molecular evolution
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8875945/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35215981
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020388
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