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The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force
The study investigated whether the repeat use of needles used to inject piglets with iron, influences the force required to puncture into piglet cadaver skin. Pig units (n = 31) were surveyed on needle reuse and injection practices, and these findings informed subsequent laboratory-based experiments...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8876719/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35202343 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020090 |
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author | Owen, Kathryn Blackie, Nicola Gibson, Troy John |
author_facet | Owen, Kathryn Blackie, Nicola Gibson, Troy John |
author_sort | Owen, Kathryn |
collection | PubMed |
description | The study investigated whether the repeat use of needles used to inject piglets with iron, influences the force required to puncture into piglet cadaver skin. Pig units (n = 31) were surveyed on needle reuse and injection practices, and these findings informed subsequent laboratory-based experiments on needle puncture force into piglet cadaver tissues. A 21 G 5/8” needle was reported as the most used needle type (67.7%), with 80.6% reporting needle reuse; 38.7% changed the needle between litters or earlier if damaged, 16.1% every three litters and 22.5% when it felt blunt or damaged, after each injection session or when changing the bottle of iron solution. There was a significant difference in puncture force between the 1st and 36th use (p < 0.05), and between the 1st and 100th use (p = 0.0015), but not between the 1st and 12th or 36th use (p > 0.999 and p = 0.8313, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed appreciable damage to the needle tip after 12 uses. The repeat use of needles in piglet cadavers increased the force of needle puncture compared to first-time use. When extrapolated to live animals, the use of blunt needles has the potential to cause pain and distress. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8876719 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88767192022-02-26 The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force Owen, Kathryn Blackie, Nicola Gibson, Troy John Vet Sci Article The study investigated whether the repeat use of needles used to inject piglets with iron, influences the force required to puncture into piglet cadaver skin. Pig units (n = 31) were surveyed on needle reuse and injection practices, and these findings informed subsequent laboratory-based experiments on needle puncture force into piglet cadaver tissues. A 21 G 5/8” needle was reported as the most used needle type (67.7%), with 80.6% reporting needle reuse; 38.7% changed the needle between litters or earlier if damaged, 16.1% every three litters and 22.5% when it felt blunt or damaged, after each injection session or when changing the bottle of iron solution. There was a significant difference in puncture force between the 1st and 36th use (p < 0.05), and between the 1st and 100th use (p = 0.0015), but not between the 1st and 12th or 36th use (p > 0.999 and p = 0.8313, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed appreciable damage to the needle tip after 12 uses. The repeat use of needles in piglet cadavers increased the force of needle puncture compared to first-time use. When extrapolated to live animals, the use of blunt needles has the potential to cause pain and distress. MDPI 2022-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8876719/ /pubmed/35202343 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020090 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Owen, Kathryn Blackie, Nicola Gibson, Troy John The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force |
title | The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force |
title_full | The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force |
title_fullStr | The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force |
title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force |
title_short | The Effect of Needle Reuse on Piglet Skin Puncture Force |
title_sort | effect of needle reuse on piglet skin puncture force |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8876719/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35202343 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020090 |
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