Cargando…

Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts

Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, VB3) was synthesized through the photocatalytic oxidation of 3-pyridinemethanol (3PM) under visible-light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation using metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) - based materials. A bulk (GCN) material was prepared by a simple thermal treatment u...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Fernandes, Raquel A., Sampaio, Maria J., Faria, Joaquim L., Silva, Cláudia G.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8878246/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35209082
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041295
_version_ 1784658616329961472
author Fernandes, Raquel A.
Sampaio, Maria J.
Faria, Joaquim L.
Silva, Cláudia G.
author_facet Fernandes, Raquel A.
Sampaio, Maria J.
Faria, Joaquim L.
Silva, Cláudia G.
author_sort Fernandes, Raquel A.
collection PubMed
description Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, VB3) was synthesized through the photocatalytic oxidation of 3-pyridinemethanol (3PM) under visible-light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation using metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) - based materials. A bulk (GCN) material was prepared by a simple thermal treatment using dicyandiamide as the precursor. A post-thermal treatment under static air and nitrogen flow was employed to obtain the GCN-T and GCN-T-N materials, respectively. The conditions adopted during the post-treatment revealed differences in the resulting materials’ morphological, electronic, and optical properties. The post-treated photocatalysts revealed an enhanced efficiency in the oxidation of 3PM into VB3, with the GCN-T-N photocatalyst being the best-performing material. The defective surface, reduced crystallinity, and superior photoabsorption of GCN-T-N account for this material’s improved performance in the production of VB3. Nevertheless, the presence of nitrogen vacancies in the carbon nitride structure and, consequently, the creation of mid-gap states also accounts to its highly oxidative ability. The immobilization of GCN-T-N in sodium alginate hydrogel was revealed as a promising strategy to produce VB3, avoiding the need for the photocatalyst separation step. Concerning the mechanism of synthesis of VB3 through the photocatalytic oxidation of 3PM, it was possible to identify the presence of 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (3PC) as the intermediary product.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8878246
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-88782462022-02-26 Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts Fernandes, Raquel A. Sampaio, Maria J. Faria, Joaquim L. Silva, Cláudia G. Molecules Article Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, VB3) was synthesized through the photocatalytic oxidation of 3-pyridinemethanol (3PM) under visible-light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation using metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) - based materials. A bulk (GCN) material was prepared by a simple thermal treatment using dicyandiamide as the precursor. A post-thermal treatment under static air and nitrogen flow was employed to obtain the GCN-T and GCN-T-N materials, respectively. The conditions adopted during the post-treatment revealed differences in the resulting materials’ morphological, electronic, and optical properties. The post-treated photocatalysts revealed an enhanced efficiency in the oxidation of 3PM into VB3, with the GCN-T-N photocatalyst being the best-performing material. The defective surface, reduced crystallinity, and superior photoabsorption of GCN-T-N account for this material’s improved performance in the production of VB3. Nevertheless, the presence of nitrogen vacancies in the carbon nitride structure and, consequently, the creation of mid-gap states also accounts to its highly oxidative ability. The immobilization of GCN-T-N in sodium alginate hydrogel was revealed as a promising strategy to produce VB3, avoiding the need for the photocatalyst separation step. Concerning the mechanism of synthesis of VB3 through the photocatalytic oxidation of 3PM, it was possible to identify the presence of 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (3PC) as the intermediary product. MDPI 2022-02-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8878246/ /pubmed/35209082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041295 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Fernandes, Raquel A.
Sampaio, Maria J.
Faria, Joaquim L.
Silva, Cláudia G.
Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts
title Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts
title_full Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts
title_fullStr Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts
title_short Synthesis of Vitamin B3 through a Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Approach Using Metal-Free Carbon Nitride-Based Catalysts
title_sort synthesis of vitamin b3 through a heterogeneous photocatalytic approach using metal-free carbon nitride-based catalysts
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8878246/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35209082
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041295
work_keys_str_mv AT fernandesraquela synthesisofvitaminb3throughaheterogeneousphotocatalyticapproachusingmetalfreecarbonnitridebasedcatalysts
AT sampaiomariaj synthesisofvitaminb3throughaheterogeneousphotocatalyticapproachusingmetalfreecarbonnitridebasedcatalysts
AT fariajoaquiml synthesisofvitaminb3throughaheterogeneousphotocatalyticapproachusingmetalfreecarbonnitridebasedcatalysts
AT silvaclaudiag synthesisofvitaminb3throughaheterogeneousphotocatalyticapproachusingmetalfreecarbonnitridebasedcatalysts