Sex-Specific Effect of the Dietary Protein to Carbohydrate Ratio on Personality in the Dubia Cockroach

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Animal personality is modulated by genetic and environmental factors. To explore the modulatory effect of nutrition on personality, we investigated whether diets varying in their relative content of proteins and carbohydrates might modulate the behavior of the Dubia cockroach. Over a period of eight weeks, we fed adult cockroaches, both males and females, five different diets, and we measured diet consumption, survival, and personality traits by recording their exploratory and mobility behaviors. After eight weeks, females gained more body mass and had higher survival than males. We found that females preferred carbohydrate-rich diets and avoided ingesting too many proteins by consuming less food on high-protein diets. The diet had no effect on their personality. However, males showed a bolder personality when fed with high-protein diets while consuming the same amount of food, regardless of the protein content in the diet. These sex differences could be beneficial for the species in stressful nutritional environments, allowing males to discover new food resources while ovoviviparous females could spend more time protected in shelters. ABSTRACT: Animal personality, defined by behavioral variations among individuals consistent over contexts or time, is shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, nutrition can play an important role. The Geometric Framework of Nutrition has promoted a better understanding of the role of the macronutrient proportion in animal development, survival, reproduction, and behavior, and can help to disentangle its modulatory effect on animal personality. In this study, we investigated the effects of protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratio in the personality of the cockroach Blaptica dubia. Newly emerged adults were fed over a period of eight weeks on five different diets varying in their P:C ratio and their diet consumption, mass variation, survival, exploratory behavior, and mobility were assessed. We found that females, unlike males, were able to regulate their nutrient intake and preferred carbohydrate-rich diets. Females also gained more body mass and lived longer compared to males. In addition, their behavior and mobility were not affected by the diet. In males, however, high-protein diets induced a bolder personality. We suggest that the sex-specific effects observed on both survival and behavior are related to the nutrient intake regulation capacity and might improve the species’ fitness in adverse nutritional conditions.