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Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic

Mucormycosis is a deadly opportunistic disease caused by a group of fungus named mucormycetes. Fungal spores are normally present in the environment and the immune system of the body prevents them from causing disease in a healthy immunocompetent individual. But when the defense mechanism of the bod...

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Autores principales: Sharma, Ayushi, Goel, Anjana
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Netherlands 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8881997/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35220559
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00934-5
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author Sharma, Ayushi
Goel, Anjana
author_facet Sharma, Ayushi
Goel, Anjana
author_sort Sharma, Ayushi
collection PubMed
description Mucormycosis is a deadly opportunistic disease caused by a group of fungus named mucormycetes. Fungal spores are normally present in the environment and the immune system of the body prevents them from causing disease in a healthy immunocompetent individual. But when the defense mechanism of the body is compromised such as in the patients of diabetes mellites, neustropenia, organ transplantation recipients, and other immune-compromised states, these fungal spores invade our defense mechanism easily causing a severe systemic infection with approximately 45–80% of case fatality. In the present scenario, during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients are on immunosuppressive drugs, glucocorticoids, thus are at high risk of mucormycosis. Patients with diabetes mellitus are further getting a high chance of infection. Usually, the spores gain entry through our respiratory tract affecting the lungs and paranasal sinuses. Besides, they can also enter through damage into the skin or through the gastrointestinal route. This review article presents the current statistics, the causes of this infection in the human body, and its diagnosis with available recent therapies through recent databases collected from several clinics and agencies. The diagnosis and identification of the infection were made possible through various latest medical techniques such as computed tomography scans, direct microscopic observations, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, serology, molecular assay, and histopathology. Mucormycosis is so uncommon, no randomized controlled treatment studies have been conducted. The newer triazoles, posaconazole (POSA) and isavuconazole (ISAV) (the active component of the prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate) may be beneficial in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of Liposomal Amphotericin B. but due to lack of early diagnosis and aggressive surgical debridement or excision, the mortality rate remains high. In the course of COVID-19 treatments, there must be more vigilance and alertness are required from clinicians to evaluate these invasive fungal infections.
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spelling pubmed-88819972022-02-28 Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic Sharma, Ayushi Goel, Anjana Folia Microbiol (Praha) Review Mucormycosis is a deadly opportunistic disease caused by a group of fungus named mucormycetes. Fungal spores are normally present in the environment and the immune system of the body prevents them from causing disease in a healthy immunocompetent individual. But when the defense mechanism of the body is compromised such as in the patients of diabetes mellites, neustropenia, organ transplantation recipients, and other immune-compromised states, these fungal spores invade our defense mechanism easily causing a severe systemic infection with approximately 45–80% of case fatality. In the present scenario, during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients are on immunosuppressive drugs, glucocorticoids, thus are at high risk of mucormycosis. Patients with diabetes mellitus are further getting a high chance of infection. Usually, the spores gain entry through our respiratory tract affecting the lungs and paranasal sinuses. Besides, they can also enter through damage into the skin or through the gastrointestinal route. This review article presents the current statistics, the causes of this infection in the human body, and its diagnosis with available recent therapies through recent databases collected from several clinics and agencies. The diagnosis and identification of the infection were made possible through various latest medical techniques such as computed tomography scans, direct microscopic observations, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, serology, molecular assay, and histopathology. Mucormycosis is so uncommon, no randomized controlled treatment studies have been conducted. The newer triazoles, posaconazole (POSA) and isavuconazole (ISAV) (the active component of the prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate) may be beneficial in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of Liposomal Amphotericin B. but due to lack of early diagnosis and aggressive surgical debridement or excision, the mortality rate remains high. In the course of COVID-19 treatments, there must be more vigilance and alertness are required from clinicians to evaluate these invasive fungal infections. Springer Netherlands 2022-02-26 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC8881997/ /pubmed/35220559 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00934-5 Text en © Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 2022 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
spellingShingle Review
Sharma, Ayushi
Goel, Anjana
Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
title Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
title_full Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
title_fullStr Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
title_short Mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
title_sort mucormycosis: risk factors, diagnosis, treatments, and challenges during covid-19 pandemic
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8881997/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35220559
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00934-5
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