The clinical impact of preoperative biliary drainage on isolated infectious complications (iiC) after pancreatic head resection—a retrospective study

BACKGROUND: The perioperative morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is mostly influenced by intraabdominal complications which are often associated with infections. In patients with preoperative biliary drainage (PBD), the risk for postoperative infections may be even elevated. The aim of this study is to explore if isolated infectious complications without intraabdominal focus (iiC) can be observed after PD and if they are associated to PBD and antibiotic prophylaxis with potential conclusions for their treatment. METHODS: During a 10-year period from 2009 to 2019, all consecutive PD were enrolled prospectively in a database and analyzed retrospectively. Bacteriobilia (BB) and Fungibilia (FB) were examined by intraoperatively acquired smears. A perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was performed by Ampicillin/Sulbactam. For this study, iiC were defined as postoperative infections like surgical site infection (SSI), pneumonia, unknown origin etc. Statistics were performed by Fisher’s exact test and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: A total of 426 PD were performed at the Vivantes Humboldt-hospital. The morbidity was 56% (n = 238). iiC occurred in 93 patients (22%) and accounted for 38% in the subgroup of patients with postoperative complications. They were not significantly related to BB and PBD but to FB. The subgroup of SSI, however, had a significant relationship to BB and FB with a poly microbial profile and an accumulation of E. faecalis, E. faecium, Enterobacter, and Candida. BB was significantly more frequent in longer lay of PBD. Resistance to standard PAP and co-existing resistance to broad spectrum antibiotics is frequently found in patients with iiC. The clinical severity of iiC was mostly low and non-invasive therapy was adequate. Their treatment led to a significant prolongation of the hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: iiC are a frequent problem after PD, but only in SSI a significant association to BB and FB can be found in our data. Therefore, the higher resistance of the bacterial species to routine PAP, does not justify broad spectrum prophylaxis. However, the identification of high-risk patients with BB and PBD (length of lay) is recommended. In case of postoperative infections, an early application of broad-spectrum antibiotics and adaption to microbiological findings from intraoperatively smears may be advantageous.