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Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges

Working memory (WM) is a cognitive process that involves maintaining and manipulating information for a short period of time. WM is central to many cognitive processes and declines rapidly with age. Deficits in WM are seen in older adults and in patients with dementia, schizophrenia, major depressio...

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Autores principales: Al Qasem, Wiam, Abubaker, Mohammed, Kvašňák, Eugen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8882605/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35237214
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822545
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author Al Qasem, Wiam
Abubaker, Mohammed
Kvašňák, Eugen
author_facet Al Qasem, Wiam
Abubaker, Mohammed
Kvašňák, Eugen
author_sort Al Qasem, Wiam
collection PubMed
description Working memory (WM) is a cognitive process that involves maintaining and manipulating information for a short period of time. WM is central to many cognitive processes and declines rapidly with age. Deficits in WM are seen in older adults and in patients with dementia, schizophrenia, major depression, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. The frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices are significantly involved in WM processing and all brain oscillations are implicated in tackling WM tasks, particularly theta and gamma bands. The theta/gamma neural code hypothesis assumes that retained memory items are recorded via theta-nested gamma cycles. Neuronal oscillations can be manipulated by sensory, invasive- and non-invasive brain stimulations. Transcranial alternating-current stimulation (tACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are frequency-tuned non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that have been used to entrain endogenous oscillations in a frequency-specific manner. Compared to rTMS, tACS demonstrates superior cost, tolerability, portability, and safety profile, making it an attractive potential tool for improving cognitive performance. Although cognitive research with tACS is still in its infancy compared to rTMS, a number of studies have shown a promising WM enhancement effect, especially in the elderly and patients with cognitive deficits. This review focuses on the various methods and outcomes of tACS on WM in healthy and unhealthy human adults and highlights the established findings, unknowns, challenges, and perspectives important for translating laboratory tACS into realistic clinical settings. This will allow researchers to identify gaps in the literature and develop frequency-tuned tACS protocols with promising safety and efficacy outcomes. Therefore, research efforts in this direction should help to consider frequency-tuned tACS as a non-pharmacological tool of cognitive rehabilitation in physiological aging and patients with cognitive deficits.
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spelling pubmed-88826052022-03-01 Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges Al Qasem, Wiam Abubaker, Mohammed Kvašňák, Eugen Front Psychol Psychology Working memory (WM) is a cognitive process that involves maintaining and manipulating information for a short period of time. WM is central to many cognitive processes and declines rapidly with age. Deficits in WM are seen in older adults and in patients with dementia, schizophrenia, major depression, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. The frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices are significantly involved in WM processing and all brain oscillations are implicated in tackling WM tasks, particularly theta and gamma bands. The theta/gamma neural code hypothesis assumes that retained memory items are recorded via theta-nested gamma cycles. Neuronal oscillations can be manipulated by sensory, invasive- and non-invasive brain stimulations. Transcranial alternating-current stimulation (tACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are frequency-tuned non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that have been used to entrain endogenous oscillations in a frequency-specific manner. Compared to rTMS, tACS demonstrates superior cost, tolerability, portability, and safety profile, making it an attractive potential tool for improving cognitive performance. Although cognitive research with tACS is still in its infancy compared to rTMS, a number of studies have shown a promising WM enhancement effect, especially in the elderly and patients with cognitive deficits. This review focuses on the various methods and outcomes of tACS on WM in healthy and unhealthy human adults and highlights the established findings, unknowns, challenges, and perspectives important for translating laboratory tACS into realistic clinical settings. This will allow researchers to identify gaps in the literature and develop frequency-tuned tACS protocols with promising safety and efficacy outcomes. Therefore, research efforts in this direction should help to consider frequency-tuned tACS as a non-pharmacological tool of cognitive rehabilitation in physiological aging and patients with cognitive deficits. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8882605/ /pubmed/35237214 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822545 Text en Copyright © 2022 Al Qasem, Abubaker and Kvašňák. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychology
Al Qasem, Wiam
Abubaker, Mohammed
Kvašňák, Eugen
Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges
title Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges
title_full Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges
title_fullStr Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges
title_full_unstemmed Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges
title_short Working Memory and Transcranial-Alternating Current Stimulation—State of the Art: Findings, Missing, and Challenges
title_sort working memory and transcranial-alternating current stimulation—state of the art: findings, missing, and challenges
topic Psychology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8882605/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35237214
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822545
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