Cryopreservation of Natural Killer Cells Pre-Complexed with Innate Cell Engagers

Innate cell engager (ICE(®)) constructs are bispecific tetravalent antibodies targeting specific tumor antigens and simultaneously engaging natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage receptors for the destruction of tumor cells. Pre-complexing of ICE(®) constructs with adoptive NK cells is a novel approach to enhance NK cell activity. The suitability of such complexes for cryopreservation, whilst retaining the biological activity and specificity, may enable the development of off-the-shelf NK cell products. This study investigates the binding affinity of ICE(®) constructs targeting EpCAM and NK cell receptors CD16A, NKG2D, or NKp46 to the corresponding antigens, the ICE(®) antitumor activity, and feasibility of cryopreservation. Cell surface retention assays using primary NK cells confirmed a substantially slower ICE(®) construct dissociation kinetics compared with control molecules, suggesting the formation of durable complexes independently of the CD16A polymorphism. The high-affinity NK cell and EpCAM/CD16A ICE(®) complexes were superior to those engaging NKG2D or NKp46 receptors when tested for the NK-cell-mediated elimination of EpCAM-expressing tumor cells. Moreover, the potency and efficacy of these complexes were unaffected after a single freeze–thaw cycle. CD16A-selective ICE(®) drug candidates complexed with NK cells hold promise as novel cryopreserved off-the-shelf NK cell products with chimeric antigen receptor-like NK cell properties, capable of effective depletion of tumor cells.