Mediational models of maternal stress in neonatal intensive care units

BACKGROUND: Maternal stress in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) is well acknowledged. However, there is currently no well-defined support at how to best assist mothers during their infants’ hospitalization. Not only must they confront at the same time their infant’s fragility, but also their own personal trials. In this exploratory study, we examined whether the Multiple-Stressor mediational modeling approach commonly used in Ecology could be used to better assist these parents. This approach calls attention to the overall impact that multiple stressors can have on an organism, i.e., not only in regard to their individual effects, but just as importantly, through their interactions with each other, be they positive or negative. It is hypothesized that the use of such mediational modeling could improve our understanding of the overall impact that multiple stressors can have on NICU mothers. METHODS: At 2 weeks postpartum, 30 mothers with infants born between 24 and 29 weeks gestation responded to the following self-reported psychological outcome measures: Affect Intensity Measure (AIM); Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale (CM); Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS); Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety (BSI-Anx); Parental Stress Scale: NICU (PSS:NICU); Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS); and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). The “Best Subsets Regression” analysis (www.minitab.com) was used to identify the four interactive maternal outcome measures that best correlated with the mediational stress models of interest, namely, Depression, Anxiety, parental NICU stress, Perceived Social Support, and Coping skills. RESULTS: The following mediational models of maternal stress outcomes during their infant’s NICU hospitalization were identified: depression, anxiety, stress of the sights and sounds in the NICU, “the looks of my baby”, my “inability” to be a parent, perceived social support, and coping skills. CONCLUSIONS: It is advanced that the use of the Multiple-Stressor approach, with its ability to identify factors associated with particular stressors, can offer psychosocial providers a more tangible understanding of the maternal key elements at the source of maternal stress in NICUs. It is expected that to ease the stressful experiences these mothers encounter, such approach will facilitate the development of more effective interventions to assist these parents’ challenges than currently available.