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Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers

Different characteristics of sports disciplines potentially lead to skewness in birth month distribution (relative age effect, RAE). These characteristics can be considered from a constraint-based approach with interacting environmental, task, and individual constraints as a theoretical framework wi...

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Autores principales: Roaas, Truls, Lorås, Håvard, Aune, Tore Kristian, Flakken, Boye, Dalen, Terje
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Sciendo 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8884865/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35291631
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0020
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author Roaas, Truls
Lorås, Håvard
Aune, Tore Kristian
Flakken, Boye
Dalen, Terje
author_facet Roaas, Truls
Lorås, Håvard
Aune, Tore Kristian
Flakken, Boye
Dalen, Terje
author_sort Roaas, Truls
collection PubMed
description Different characteristics of sports disciplines potentially lead to skewness in birth month distribution (relative age effect, RAE). These characteristics can be considered from a constraint-based approach with interacting environmental, task, and individual constraints as a theoretical framework with which to examine variations in RAE. The main aim of the present study was to examine the theoretical predictions of the constraint-based framework by investigating the birth month distribution in cross-country skiers and freeskiers at elite junior and senior levels. The sample was comprised of top ranked Norwegian U15–U19/20 cross-country skiers and junior-level freeskiers. Birth months of top ranked international senior-level skiers in cross-country and freeskiing were also collected. Results indicated an over-representation of skiers born in the first half versus the second half of the year at all junior ages in cross-country skiing. There was no significant difference in the distribution of birth months in freeskiing or in senior cross-country skiers or freeskiers. Based upon the interacting constraint framework, the skewness towards more early-born athletes in junior cross-country skiing could be due to strict age-grouped and results-oriented developmental programs beginning at an early age (environmental constraints) as well as high-demand for physical capabilities (task constraints) that favour more physically mature athletes (individual constraints). For freeskiing, the interacting environmental (less structured and more individualistic-oriented development), task (high technical/motor skill demands), and individual (no advantage of advanced physical maturation) constraints potentially operate in the opposite direction compared to cross-country skiing.
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spelling pubmed-88848652022-03-14 Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers Roaas, Truls Lorås, Håvard Aune, Tore Kristian Flakken, Boye Dalen, Terje J Hum Kinet Section IV - Sport of Disabled Different characteristics of sports disciplines potentially lead to skewness in birth month distribution (relative age effect, RAE). These characteristics can be considered from a constraint-based approach with interacting environmental, task, and individual constraints as a theoretical framework with which to examine variations in RAE. The main aim of the present study was to examine the theoretical predictions of the constraint-based framework by investigating the birth month distribution in cross-country skiers and freeskiers at elite junior and senior levels. The sample was comprised of top ranked Norwegian U15–U19/20 cross-country skiers and junior-level freeskiers. Birth months of top ranked international senior-level skiers in cross-country and freeskiing were also collected. Results indicated an over-representation of skiers born in the first half versus the second half of the year at all junior ages in cross-country skiing. There was no significant difference in the distribution of birth months in freeskiing or in senior cross-country skiers or freeskiers. Based upon the interacting constraint framework, the skewness towards more early-born athletes in junior cross-country skiing could be due to strict age-grouped and results-oriented developmental programs beginning at an early age (environmental constraints) as well as high-demand for physical capabilities (task constraints) that favour more physically mature athletes (individual constraints). For freeskiing, the interacting environmental (less structured and more individualistic-oriented development), task (high technical/motor skill demands), and individual (no advantage of advanced physical maturation) constraints potentially operate in the opposite direction compared to cross-country skiing. Sciendo 2022-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8884865/ /pubmed/35291631 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0020 Text en © 2022 Truls Roaas, Håvard Lorås, Tore Kristian Aune, Boye Flakken, Terje Dalen, published by Sciendo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
spellingShingle Section IV - Sport of Disabled
Roaas, Truls
Lorås, Håvard
Aune, Tore Kristian
Flakken, Boye
Dalen, Terje
Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers
title Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers
title_full Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers
title_fullStr Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers
title_full_unstemmed Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers
title_short Interacting Constraints and Relative Age Effect in Elite Cross-Country Skiers and Freeskiers
title_sort interacting constraints and relative age effect in elite cross-country skiers and freeskiers
topic Section IV - Sport of Disabled
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8884865/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35291631
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0020
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