Immunoarchitectural patterns as potential prognostic factors for invasive ductal breast cancer

Currently, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in invasive breast cancers are assessed solely on the basis of their number, whereas their spatial distribution is rarely investigated. Therefore, we evaluated TILs in 579 patients with invasive breast cancer of no special type (IBC-NST) with a focus on their spatial distributions in tumor center (TC) and invasive margin (IM). We also assessed a new factor, namely para-tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (PILs) in the para-tumor lobular area (Para). Five immunoarchitectural patterns (IPs) were observed, which were significantly associated with clinicopathological features, especially molecular subtypes, histological grades, clinical stages, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. High-TIL density (IP1/2) correlated with favorable disease-free survival (DFS) in TNBC patients (p = 0.04), but opposite results were observed for luminal B subtype patients (both the lowest TIL and PIL densities (IP5) correlated with good DFS, p = 0.013). Luminal B patients with high TILs in the IM and low TILs in the TC (IP3) exhibited the worst DFS, whereas those with low TILs (similar to IP5) and high PILs (IP4) exhibited poor DFS. We also identified TIL subpopulations with significantly different IPs. Our findings suggest that IP can be a potential prognostic factor for tumor immunity in IBC.