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Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020)
This study aims to identify the combined role of environmental pollutants and atmospheric variables at short term on the rate of incidence (TIC) and on the hospital admission rate (TIHC) due to COVID-19 disease in Spain. This study used information from 41 of the 52 provinces of Spain (from Feb. 1,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8886199/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35230631 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19232-9 |
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author | Culqui, Dante R. Díaz, Julio Blanco, Alejandro Lopez, José A. Navas, Miguel A. Sánchez-Martínez, Gerardo Luna, M. Yolanda Hervella, Beatriz Belda, Fernando Linares, Cristina |
author_facet | Culqui, Dante R. Díaz, Julio Blanco, Alejandro Lopez, José A. Navas, Miguel A. Sánchez-Martínez, Gerardo Luna, M. Yolanda Hervella, Beatriz Belda, Fernando Linares, Cristina |
author_sort | Culqui, Dante R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study aims to identify the combined role of environmental pollutants and atmospheric variables at short term on the rate of incidence (TIC) and on the hospital admission rate (TIHC) due to COVID-19 disease in Spain. This study used information from 41 of the 52 provinces of Spain (from Feb. 1, 2021 to May 31, 2021). Using TIC and TIHC as dependent variables, and average daily concentrations of PM(10) and NO(2) as independent variables. Meteorological variables included maximum daily temperature (Tmax) and average daily absolute humidity (HA). Generalized linear models (GLM) with Poisson link were carried out for each provinces The GLM model controlled for trend, seasonalities, and the autoregressive character of the series. Days with lags were established. The relative risk (RR) was calculated by increases of 10 μg/m(3) in PM(10) and NO(2) and by 1 °C in the case of Tmax and 1 g/m(3) in the case of HA. Later, a linear regression was carried out that included the social determinants of health. Statistically significant associations were found between PM(10), NO(2), and the rate of COVID-19 incidence. NO(2) was the variable that showed greater association, both for TIC as well as for TIHC in the majority of provinces. Temperature and HA do not seem to have played an important role. The geographic distribution of RR in the studied provinces was very much heterogeneous. Some of the health determinants considered, including income per capita, presence of airports, average number of diesel cars per inhabitant, average number of nursing personnel, and homes under 30 m(2) could explain the differential geographic behavior. As findings indicates, environmental factors only could modulate the incidence and severity of COVID-19. Moreover, the social determinants and public health measures could explain some patterns of geographically distribution founded. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19232-9. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8886199 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88861992022-03-01 Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) Culqui, Dante R. Díaz, Julio Blanco, Alejandro Lopez, José A. Navas, Miguel A. Sánchez-Martínez, Gerardo Luna, M. Yolanda Hervella, Beatriz Belda, Fernando Linares, Cristina Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Research Article This study aims to identify the combined role of environmental pollutants and atmospheric variables at short term on the rate of incidence (TIC) and on the hospital admission rate (TIHC) due to COVID-19 disease in Spain. This study used information from 41 of the 52 provinces of Spain (from Feb. 1, 2021 to May 31, 2021). Using TIC and TIHC as dependent variables, and average daily concentrations of PM(10) and NO(2) as independent variables. Meteorological variables included maximum daily temperature (Tmax) and average daily absolute humidity (HA). Generalized linear models (GLM) with Poisson link were carried out for each provinces The GLM model controlled for trend, seasonalities, and the autoregressive character of the series. Days with lags were established. The relative risk (RR) was calculated by increases of 10 μg/m(3) in PM(10) and NO(2) and by 1 °C in the case of Tmax and 1 g/m(3) in the case of HA. Later, a linear regression was carried out that included the social determinants of health. Statistically significant associations were found between PM(10), NO(2), and the rate of COVID-19 incidence. NO(2) was the variable that showed greater association, both for TIC as well as for TIHC in the majority of provinces. Temperature and HA do not seem to have played an important role. The geographic distribution of RR in the studied provinces was very much heterogeneous. Some of the health determinants considered, including income per capita, presence of airports, average number of diesel cars per inhabitant, average number of nursing personnel, and homes under 30 m(2) could explain the differential geographic behavior. As findings indicates, environmental factors only could modulate the incidence and severity of COVID-19. Moreover, the social determinants and public health measures could explain some patterns of geographically distribution founded. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19232-9. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-03-01 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC8886199/ /pubmed/35230631 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19232-9 Text en © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022, corrected publication 2022 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Culqui, Dante R. Díaz, Julio Blanco, Alejandro Lopez, José A. Navas, Miguel A. Sánchez-Martínez, Gerardo Luna, M. Yolanda Hervella, Beatriz Belda, Fernando Linares, Cristina Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) |
title | Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) |
title_full | Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) |
title_fullStr | Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) |
title_full_unstemmed | Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) |
title_short | Short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables COVID-19 disease in Spain during first wave (Feb–May 2020) |
title_sort | short-term influence of environmental factors and social variables covid-19 disease in spain during first wave (feb–may 2020) |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8886199/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35230631 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19232-9 |
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