Could Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP)-Specific Radioligands Be Considered as Pan-Tumor Agents?

BACKGROUND: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can strongly modulate the response to therapy of malignant tumor cells, facilitating their continuous proliferation and invading behaviors. In this context, several efforts were made in identifying the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a CAF recognizer and in designing FAP-specific PET radiotracers (as (68)Ga-FAPI) along with FAP-specific therapeutic radioligands. Herein, we review different clinical studies using the various FAP-specific radioligands as novel theranostic agents in a wide range of oncologic and nononcologic indications. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on the PubMed and Scopus databases to find relevant published articles concerning the FAP-specific PET imaging as well as the FAP-specific radionuclide therapy in patients with oncologic and nononcologic indications. The enrolled studies were dichotomized into oncologic and nononcologic categories, and the required data were extracted by precisely reviewing the whole text of each eligible study. A meta-analysis was also performed comparing the detection rates of (68)Ga-FAPI vs. (18)F-FDG PET/CT using odds ratio (OR) and risk difference as outcome measures. RESULTS: Of the initial 364 relevant papers, 49 eligible articles (1479 patients) and 55 case reports were enrolled in our systematic review. These studies observed high radiolabeled FAPI avidity as early as 10 minutes after administration in primary sites of various malignant tumors. Based on the meta-analysis which was done on the reported detection rates of the (68)Ga-FAPI and (18)F-FDG PET/CT scans, the highest OR belonged to the primary lesion detection rate of gastrointestinal tumors (OR = 32.079, 95% CI: 4.001–257.212; p = 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%). The corresponding value of the nodal metastases belonged to hepatobiliary tumors (OR = 11.609, 95% CI: 1.888–71.365; p = 0.008) with low heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%). For distant metastases, the highest estimated OR belonged to nasopharyngeal carcinomas (OR = 77.451, 95% CI: 7.323–819.201; p < 0.001) with low heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: The outperformance of (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT over (18)F-FDG PET/CT in identifying certain primary tumors as well as in detecting their metastatic lesions may open indications for evaluation of cases with inconclusive (18)F-FDG PET/CT findings. What needs to be emphasized is that the false-positive results might be problematic and must be taken into account in (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT interpretation. More clarification on the role of FAPI radioligands in oncologic imaging, radionuclide therapy, and radiotherapy treatment planning is therefore required.