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Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

In Nepal, the number of diarrhoea hospitalizations in all ages is seriously high. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal diseases can be substantially prevented through safe drinking water sources. In the Kathmandu Valley, because of the shortage of piped water, local residents use al...

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Autores principales: Kobayashi, Yuka, Ito, Yuri, Shrestha, Sadhana, Yokomichi, Hiroshi, Nishida, Kei
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8890808/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34115863
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihab032
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author Kobayashi, Yuka
Ito, Yuri
Shrestha, Sadhana
Yokomichi, Hiroshi
Nishida, Kei
author_facet Kobayashi, Yuka
Ito, Yuri
Shrestha, Sadhana
Yokomichi, Hiroshi
Nishida, Kei
author_sort Kobayashi, Yuka
collection PubMed
description In Nepal, the number of diarrhoea hospitalizations in all ages is seriously high. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal diseases can be substantially prevented through safe drinking water sources. In the Kathmandu Valley, because of the shortage of piped water, local residents use alternative water sources, such as groundwater, jars and tanker water. However, these alternative water sources can be contaminated. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources. A survey using multiple questionnaires on diarrhoea occurrence, water sources and water treatment was conducted three time between 2015 and 2016. The odds ratios (ORs) of developing diarrhoea were significantly high for drinking jar (OR 6.1) and tanker water (OR 8.4) compared with not drinking. The combined drinking of jar and tanker water obtained the 1 log higher OR compared with drinking only piped water. Conversely, drinking groundwater had a low OR, implying that the residents refrained from drinking polluted groundwater. In conclusion, diarrhoea occurrence was related not only to the level of water contamination, but also to a behavioural factor, i.e. people's careful management of the choice of multiple water sources.
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spelling pubmed-88908082022-03-03 Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Kobayashi, Yuka Ito, Yuri Shrestha, Sadhana Yokomichi, Hiroshi Nishida, Kei Int Health Original Article In Nepal, the number of diarrhoea hospitalizations in all ages is seriously high. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal diseases can be substantially prevented through safe drinking water sources. In the Kathmandu Valley, because of the shortage of piped water, local residents use alternative water sources, such as groundwater, jars and tanker water. However, these alternative water sources can be contaminated. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources. A survey using multiple questionnaires on diarrhoea occurrence, water sources and water treatment was conducted three time between 2015 and 2016. The odds ratios (ORs) of developing diarrhoea were significantly high for drinking jar (OR 6.1) and tanker water (OR 8.4) compared with not drinking. The combined drinking of jar and tanker water obtained the 1 log higher OR compared with drinking only piped water. Conversely, drinking groundwater had a low OR, implying that the residents refrained from drinking polluted groundwater. In conclusion, diarrhoea occurrence was related not only to the level of water contamination, but also to a behavioural factor, i.e. people's careful management of the choice of multiple water sources. Oxford University Press 2021-06-11 /pmc/articles/PMC8890808/ /pubmed/34115863 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihab032 Text en © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Original Article
Kobayashi, Yuka
Ito, Yuri
Shrestha, Sadhana
Yokomichi, Hiroshi
Nishida, Kei
Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
title Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
title_full Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
title_fullStr Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
title_full_unstemmed Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
title_short Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
title_sort relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the kathmandu valley, nepal
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8890808/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34115863
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihab032
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