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The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study
BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is an optimal infant feeding method that provides adequate nutrients, achieves healthy growth and development, and enhances the health status of both infants and mothers. Breast milk contains a variety of substances that might positively affect cognition and the development...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894195/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35252287 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.726042 |
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author | AlThuneyyan, Danyah Abdullah AlGhamdi, Faten Fahad AlZain, Ragad Nasser AlDhawyan, Zainab Sami Alhmly, Haya Fahad Purayidathil, Tunny Sebastian AlGindan, Yasmin Yussuf Abdullah, Ahmed Amr |
author_facet | AlThuneyyan, Danyah Abdullah AlGhamdi, Faten Fahad AlZain, Ragad Nasser AlDhawyan, Zainab Sami Alhmly, Haya Fahad Purayidathil, Tunny Sebastian AlGindan, Yasmin Yussuf Abdullah, Ahmed Amr |
author_sort | AlThuneyyan, Danyah Abdullah |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is an optimal infant feeding method that provides adequate nutrients, achieves healthy growth and development, and enhances the health status of both infants and mothers. Breast milk contains a variety of substances that might positively affect cognition and the development of children's psychomotor abilities. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the variations in intelligence quotient (IQ), social intelligence (SI), and body mass index (BMI) among 7- to 9-year-old girls who were exclusively breastfed, exclusively bottle-fed, or mixed-fed during their first 6 months of life. METHODS: This study involved 111 healthy girls, aged 7 to 9 years, who were recruited from nine government and private schools in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices were used to measure the participants' IQs, and the Vineland Social Maturity Assessment was used to measure their SI through individual interviews. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard methods. RESULTS: The breastfed group showed a greater number of above-average IQ test scores (35 vs. 23%; P = 0.479) and better SI scores (78 vs. 55%; P = 0.066) compared with the bottle-fed group. The number of girls with normal BMIs was significantly higher in the breastfed group than in the bottle-fed (68 vs. 41%; P = 0.045) or mixed-fed groups. CONCLUSION: Exclusively breastfed girls had higher IQ and SI results compared with bottle-fed girls. However, unlike the BMI differences, these results were not statistically significant. This study provides fundamental observational data and can be further modified for use on a larger national-scale level. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8894195 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88941952022-03-05 The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study AlThuneyyan, Danyah Abdullah AlGhamdi, Faten Fahad AlZain, Ragad Nasser AlDhawyan, Zainab Sami Alhmly, Haya Fahad Purayidathil, Tunny Sebastian AlGindan, Yasmin Yussuf Abdullah, Ahmed Amr Front Nutr Nutrition BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is an optimal infant feeding method that provides adequate nutrients, achieves healthy growth and development, and enhances the health status of both infants and mothers. Breast milk contains a variety of substances that might positively affect cognition and the development of children's psychomotor abilities. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the variations in intelligence quotient (IQ), social intelligence (SI), and body mass index (BMI) among 7- to 9-year-old girls who were exclusively breastfed, exclusively bottle-fed, or mixed-fed during their first 6 months of life. METHODS: This study involved 111 healthy girls, aged 7 to 9 years, who were recruited from nine government and private schools in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices were used to measure the participants' IQs, and the Vineland Social Maturity Assessment was used to measure their SI through individual interviews. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard methods. RESULTS: The breastfed group showed a greater number of above-average IQ test scores (35 vs. 23%; P = 0.479) and better SI scores (78 vs. 55%; P = 0.066) compared with the bottle-fed group. The number of girls with normal BMIs was significantly higher in the breastfed group than in the bottle-fed (68 vs. 41%; P = 0.045) or mixed-fed groups. CONCLUSION: Exclusively breastfed girls had higher IQ and SI results compared with bottle-fed girls. However, unlike the BMI differences, these results were not statistically significant. This study provides fundamental observational data and can be further modified for use on a larger national-scale level. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8894195/ /pubmed/35252287 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.726042 Text en Copyright © 2022 AlThuneyyan, AlGhamdi, AlZain, AlDhawyan, Alhmly, Purayidathil, AlGindan and Abdullah. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Nutrition AlThuneyyan, Danyah Abdullah AlGhamdi, Faten Fahad AlZain, Ragad Nasser AlDhawyan, Zainab Sami Alhmly, Haya Fahad Purayidathil, Tunny Sebastian AlGindan, Yasmin Yussuf Abdullah, Ahmed Amr The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study |
title | The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study |
title_full | The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study |
title_fullStr | The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study |
title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study |
title_short | The Effect of Breastfeeding on Intelligence Quotient and Social Intelligence Among Seven- to Nine-Year-Old Girls: A Pilot Study |
title_sort | effect of breastfeeding on intelligence quotient and social intelligence among seven- to nine-year-old girls: a pilot study |
topic | Nutrition |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894195/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35252287 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.726042 |
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