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Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan
Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of h...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894760/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35250565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.816029 |
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author | Chao, Jung Chen, Ting-Yang Pao, Li-Heng Deng, Jeng-Shyan Cheng, Yung-Chi Su, Shan-Yu Huang, Shyh-Shyun |
author_facet | Chao, Jung Chen, Ting-Yang Pao, Li-Heng Deng, Jeng-Shyan Cheng, Yung-Chi Su, Shan-Yu Huang, Shyh-Shyun |
author_sort | Chao, Jung |
collection | PubMed |
description | Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of herbal teas prepared in response to common diseases in Taiwan, is often made from local Taiwanese plants. However, the raw materials and formulations have been kept secret and verbally passed down by store owners across generations without a fixed recipe, and the constituent plant materials have not been disclosed. Aim of the study: The aim was to determine the herbal composition of bitter tea sold in Taiwan, which can facilitate further studies on pharmacological applications and conserve cultural resources. Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. The surveyed respondents were traditional sellers of traditional herbal tea. The relevant literature was collated for a systematic analysis of the composition, characteristics, and traditional and modern applications of the plant materials used in bitter tea. We also conducted an association analysis of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with green herb tea (qing-cao-cha tea), another commonly consumed herbal tea in Taiwan, as well as herbal teas in neighboring areas outside Taiwan. Results: After visiting a total of 59 stores, we identified 32 bitter tea formulations and 73 plant materials. Asteraceae was the most commonly used family, and most stores used whole plants. According to a network analysis of nine plant materials used in high frequency as drug pairs, Tithonia diversifolia and Ajuga nipponensis were found to be the core plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea. Conclusion: Plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea were distinct, with multiple therapeutic functions. Further research is required to clarify their efficacy and mechanisms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8894760 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-88947602022-03-05 Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan Chao, Jung Chen, Ting-Yang Pao, Li-Heng Deng, Jeng-Shyan Cheng, Yung-Chi Su, Shan-Yu Huang, Shyh-Shyun Front Pharmacol Pharmacology Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of herbal teas prepared in response to common diseases in Taiwan, is often made from local Taiwanese plants. However, the raw materials and formulations have been kept secret and verbally passed down by store owners across generations without a fixed recipe, and the constituent plant materials have not been disclosed. Aim of the study: The aim was to determine the herbal composition of bitter tea sold in Taiwan, which can facilitate further studies on pharmacological applications and conserve cultural resources. Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. The surveyed respondents were traditional sellers of traditional herbal tea. The relevant literature was collated for a systematic analysis of the composition, characteristics, and traditional and modern applications of the plant materials used in bitter tea. We also conducted an association analysis of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with green herb tea (qing-cao-cha tea), another commonly consumed herbal tea in Taiwan, as well as herbal teas in neighboring areas outside Taiwan. Results: After visiting a total of 59 stores, we identified 32 bitter tea formulations and 73 plant materials. Asteraceae was the most commonly used family, and most stores used whole plants. According to a network analysis of nine plant materials used in high frequency as drug pairs, Tithonia diversifolia and Ajuga nipponensis were found to be the core plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea. Conclusion: Plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea were distinct, with multiple therapeutic functions. Further research is required to clarify their efficacy and mechanisms. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8894760/ /pubmed/35250565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.816029 Text en Copyright © 2022 Chao, Chen, Pao, Deng, Cheng, Su and Huang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Pharmacology Chao, Jung Chen, Ting-Yang Pao, Li-Heng Deng, Jeng-Shyan Cheng, Yung-Chi Su, Shan-Yu Huang, Shyh-Shyun Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan |
title | Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan |
title_full | Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan |
title_fullStr | Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan |
title_full_unstemmed | Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan |
title_short | Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan |
title_sort | ethnobotanical survey on bitter tea in taiwan |
topic | Pharmacology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8894760/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35250565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.816029 |
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