Cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting with painless ulcer on the right forearm: A case report

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis includes a range of chronic infections in humans and animals and can be caused by more than 20 species of Leishmania protozoa. The manifestations of leishmaniasis are diverse and dependent on the immune response capacity of the host and the type of Leishmania. In East Asia, leishmaniasis is relatively rare and prone to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. CASE SUMMARY: We report a case of a 36-year-old male with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The patient had been misdiagnosed with a bacterial skin infection and was given a dressing change and oral levofloxacin, which proved ineffective. Histopathological examination revealed amastigote (Leishman-Donovan body) in the histocytes, and nucleic acid sequencing proved that the pathogen was Leishmania major. The patient was treated successfully by regional injection of sodium gluconate (600 mg) three times. The ulcer healed and did not recur at 1.5-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Skin ulcers caused by leishmaniasis are easily misdiagnosed in non-epidemic countries, yet it should not be overlooked.