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Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacists’ workflow, including tasks and time spent, to better understand their work capacity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational, time and motion study. SETTING: Community pharmacies in Western Australia and New South Wales, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Currently regist...

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Autores principales: Karia, Ajay, Norman, Richard, Robinson, Suzanne, Lehnbom, Elin, Laba, Tracey-Lea, Durakovic, Iva, Balane, Christine, Joshi, Rohina, Webster, Ruth
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8896034/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35236731
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055597
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author Karia, Ajay
Norman, Richard
Robinson, Suzanne
Lehnbom, Elin
Laba, Tracey-Lea
Durakovic, Iva
Balane, Christine
Joshi, Rohina
Webster, Ruth
author_facet Karia, Ajay
Norman, Richard
Robinson, Suzanne
Lehnbom, Elin
Laba, Tracey-Lea
Durakovic, Iva
Balane, Christine
Joshi, Rohina
Webster, Ruth
author_sort Karia, Ajay
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacists’ workflow, including tasks and time spent, to better understand their work capacity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational, time and motion study. SETTING: Community pharmacies in Western Australia and New South Wales, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Currently registered and practising pharmacists were approached using snowball sampling and selected using purposive techniques to obtain balance representation of metropolitan and rural pharmacies, as well as high and low script volumes where possible. RESULTS: Twenty-four pharmacists across 15 pharmacies participated during the 135 sessions totalling over 274 hours of observation. Dispensing (30%), indirect patient services (17%), counselling (15%) and professional management activities (15%) were the top four duties pharmacists performed, while only 2% of time was spent on professional services such as pain clinics and influenza vaccinations. Tasks were frequently interrupted and often performed simultaneously. Breaks and consumer-contact times were limited. More time was spent on professional service activities in non-metropolitan pharmacies, in pharmacies with greater daily prescription volumes and those with one or more support pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to quantify the pharmacists’ tasks in Australian community pharmacies. Much time is being spent on dispensing, supply and management activities with little time for providing additional professional services. An extra supporting pharmacist is likely necessary to increase professional services. These findings could support future research around barriers and enablers of conducive workflows and of extended professional services.
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spelling pubmed-88960342022-03-22 Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study Karia, Ajay Norman, Richard Robinson, Suzanne Lehnbom, Elin Laba, Tracey-Lea Durakovic, Iva Balane, Christine Joshi, Rohina Webster, Ruth BMJ Open Health Services Research OBJECTIVE: To describe the pharmacists’ workflow, including tasks and time spent, to better understand their work capacity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational, time and motion study. SETTING: Community pharmacies in Western Australia and New South Wales, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Currently registered and practising pharmacists were approached using snowball sampling and selected using purposive techniques to obtain balance representation of metropolitan and rural pharmacies, as well as high and low script volumes where possible. RESULTS: Twenty-four pharmacists across 15 pharmacies participated during the 135 sessions totalling over 274 hours of observation. Dispensing (30%), indirect patient services (17%), counselling (15%) and professional management activities (15%) were the top four duties pharmacists performed, while only 2% of time was spent on professional services such as pain clinics and influenza vaccinations. Tasks were frequently interrupted and often performed simultaneously. Breaks and consumer-contact times were limited. More time was spent on professional service activities in non-metropolitan pharmacies, in pharmacies with greater daily prescription volumes and those with one or more support pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to quantify the pharmacists’ tasks in Australian community pharmacies. Much time is being spent on dispensing, supply and management activities with little time for providing additional professional services. An extra supporting pharmacist is likely necessary to increase professional services. These findings could support future research around barriers and enablers of conducive workflows and of extended professional services. BMJ Publishing Group 2022-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8896034/ /pubmed/35236731 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055597 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Health Services Research
Karia, Ajay
Norman, Richard
Robinson, Suzanne
Lehnbom, Elin
Laba, Tracey-Lea
Durakovic, Iva
Balane, Christine
Joshi, Rohina
Webster, Ruth
Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study
title Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study
title_full Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study
title_fullStr Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study
title_full_unstemmed Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study
title_short Pharmacist’s time spent: Space for Pharmacy-based Interventions and Consultation TimE (SPICE)—an observational time and motion study
title_sort pharmacist’s time spent: space for pharmacy-based interventions and consultation time (spice)—an observational time and motion study
topic Health Services Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8896034/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35236731
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055597
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