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Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease

Cells reside in a dynamic microenvironment that presents them with regulatory signals that vary in time, space, and amplitude. The cell, in turn, interprets these signals and accordingly initiates downstream processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization. C...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Zhu, Danqing, Johnson, Hunter J., Chen, Jun, Schaffer, David V.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8902366/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35273478
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.811493
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author Zhu, Danqing
Johnson, Hunter J.
Chen, Jun
Schaffer, David V.
author_facet Zhu, Danqing
Johnson, Hunter J.
Chen, Jun
Schaffer, David V.
author_sort Zhu, Danqing
collection PubMed
description Cells reside in a dynamic microenvironment that presents them with regulatory signals that vary in time, space, and amplitude. The cell, in turn, interprets these signals and accordingly initiates downstream processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization. Conventional approaches to perturb and investigate signaling pathways (e.g., agonist/antagonist addition, overexpression, silencing, knockouts) are often binary perturbations that do not offer precise control over signaling levels, and/or provide limited spatial or temporal control. In contrast, optogenetics leverages light-sensitive proteins to control cellular signaling dynamics and target gene expression and, by virtue of precise hardware control over illumination, offers the capacity to interrogate how spatiotemporally varying signals modulate gene regulatory networks and cellular behaviors. Recent studies have employed various optogenetic systems in stem cell, embryonic, and somatic cell patterning studies, which have addressed fundamental questions of how cell-cell communication, subcellular protein localization, and signal integration affect cell fate. Other efforts have explored how alteration of signaling dynamics may contribute to neurological diseases and have in the process created physiologically relevant models that could inform new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on emerging applications within the expanding field of optogenetics to study gene regulation, cell signaling, neurodevelopment, and neurological disorders, and we comment on current limitations and future directions for the growth of the field.
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spelling pubmed-89023662022-03-09 Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease Zhu, Danqing Johnson, Hunter J. Chen, Jun Schaffer, David V. Front Cell Neurosci Cellular Neuroscience Cells reside in a dynamic microenvironment that presents them with regulatory signals that vary in time, space, and amplitude. The cell, in turn, interprets these signals and accordingly initiates downstream processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization. Conventional approaches to perturb and investigate signaling pathways (e.g., agonist/antagonist addition, overexpression, silencing, knockouts) are often binary perturbations that do not offer precise control over signaling levels, and/or provide limited spatial or temporal control. In contrast, optogenetics leverages light-sensitive proteins to control cellular signaling dynamics and target gene expression and, by virtue of precise hardware control over illumination, offers the capacity to interrogate how spatiotemporally varying signals modulate gene regulatory networks and cellular behaviors. Recent studies have employed various optogenetic systems in stem cell, embryonic, and somatic cell patterning studies, which have addressed fundamental questions of how cell-cell communication, subcellular protein localization, and signal integration affect cell fate. Other efforts have explored how alteration of signaling dynamics may contribute to neurological diseases and have in the process created physiologically relevant models that could inform new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on emerging applications within the expanding field of optogenetics to study gene regulation, cell signaling, neurodevelopment, and neurological disorders, and we comment on current limitations and future directions for the growth of the field. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8902366/ /pubmed/35273478 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.811493 Text en Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Johnson, Chen and Schaffer. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular Neuroscience
Zhu, Danqing
Johnson, Hunter J.
Chen, Jun
Schaffer, David V.
Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease
title Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease
title_full Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease
title_fullStr Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease
title_full_unstemmed Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease
title_short Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease
title_sort optogenetic application to investigating cell behavior and neurological disease
topic Cellular Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8902366/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35273478
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.811493
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