Fast Quantitative Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging With OPTIMUM—Optimized Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting Using a Stationary Steady-State Cartesian Approach and Accelerated Acquisition Schedules

The aim of the proposed work is to develop model-based, fast multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in field regimes where signal-to-noise ratio is poor, such as encountered at low-field and in low γ nuclei. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A custom, optimized MRI pipeline was developed at low field (0.1 T) that relies on the magnetic resonance fingerprinting framework, called OPTIMUM. An optimization algorithm was used to select a short acquisition schedule (n = 18 images) that favors maximal discrimination across varying magnetic properties (T(1), T(2)) and off-resonance effects while maintaining high transverse magnetization at the steady state. In the presented study, a stationary balanced steady-state approach was investigated that allows for Cartesian (used here) and non-Cartesian acquisition schemes. Images were collected in calibrated samples containing different concentrations of manganese(II) chloride (MnCl(2)) in deionized water and compared with gold standard techniques (ie, inversion recovery for T(1), Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill for T(2)). Images were then collected in vivo in the human hand and wrist. RESULTS: OPTIMUM successfully provided sets of quantified maps (T(1), T(2), T(2)*, M(0), ΔB(0), B(1)(+)) in calibrated samples and in vivo in the human hand and wrist in 3 dimensions, in ~8.5 minutes, with a voxel resolution of [1.5 ×1.5 × 6.5] mm(3). Relaxation parameters (T(1), T(2)) scale linearly with [MnCl(2)] and are in good agreement with the calibrations performed for T(1), with a consistent trend to underestimate T(2). CONCLUSION: We show that low-field MRI can benefit from innovative multiparametric approaches to gain speed and become realistic in clinical environments. For the first time, we report simultaneous, multiparametric imaging (6 quantitative maps) in 3 dimensions, in vivo in the human hand and wrist, obtained in just 8.5 minutes. It is sometimes overlooked that low magnetic fields provide higher dispersion of nuclear spin relaxation rates. Rapid quantification such as offered by OPTIMUM could be an enabling technology to explore new metrics and contrasts in point-of-care MRI diagnosis, making it an important step toward broad democratization.