The role of shuntography in diagnosis of mechanic complications after implantation of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a retrospective clinical evaluation

BACKGROUND: Mechanical obstruction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) during the first year after shunt implantation is a common complication and is widely described in the literature. In this paper, we evaluated the suitability of the shuntography for the diagnosis of mechanical complications of the VPS in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). METHODS: We retrospectively identified 49 patients with pathologic shuntography over of a period of 20 years in our hospital. The percentage of procedure-associated complications was determined. RESULTS: Ninety-eight percent (n = 48) of the patients who underwent shuntography showed clinical and radiographic signs of underdrainage prior to examination. Shuntography revealed mechanical complications of the VP shunt in 37% (n = 18) as a cause of clinical deterioration and following revision operation. During shuntography, mechanical obstruction was discovered in 78% (n = 14) and disconnection of shunt components in 22% (n = 4). In the obstruction group, in 50% (n = 7) the closure was detected in the ventricular catheter, in 29% (n = 4) in the distal catheter of the VPS, and in 21% (n = 3) in both sides of the VPS. In the case of an inconspicuous shuntography (63%, n = 31), the patients received symptomatic therapy (32%, n = 10) or re-adjustment of the valve setting (68%, n = 21). Fifty-seven percent of the patients who underwent surgical treatment improved clinically by at least one point according to the Kiefer score. CONCLUSION: Shuntography can produce valuable clinical information uncovering mechanic complications after implantation VPS in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Patients with mechanical complications of their VPS needed revision surgery and showed clinical benefit after treatment.