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Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands
The contamination of urban soils with heavy elements due to the rapid development of urbanization and urban services has become a major environmental and human health challenge. This study provides insight into the urbanization controls on combined pollution severity and health risk potential of hea...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8907202/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35264644 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07789-x |
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author | Rezapour, Salar Siavash Moghaddam, Sina Nouri, Amin Khosravi Aqdam, Kamal |
author_facet | Rezapour, Salar Siavash Moghaddam, Sina Nouri, Amin Khosravi Aqdam, Kamal |
author_sort | Rezapour, Salar |
collection | PubMed |
description | The contamination of urban soils with heavy elements due to the rapid development of urbanization and urban services has become a major environmental and human health challenge. This study provides insight into the urbanization controls on combined pollution severity and health risk potential of heavy metals in corn-cultivated urban versus non-urban soils. A multifaceted assessment was conducted using enrichment factor (EF), ecological risk (ER), bioconcentration factor (BCF), transmission factor (TF), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results indicate a significant increase in the concentration of all metals in urban farmlands. When compared to the non-urban soils, EF implies a significant increase of all metals in the urban soil, downgrading this index from minimal enrichment (EF < 2) in the control soils to moderate enrichment (2 ≤ EF < 5) in the urban soils. Likewise, the average ER value showed an increase in the urban soils than in the control soils in the order of Fluvisols (66.6%) > Regosols (66.1%) > Cambisols (59.8%) > Calcisols (47%). The BCF and TF values for different elements decreased in the order of Cd (0.41–0.92) > Cu (0.1–0.23) > Zn (0.1–0.18) > Ni (0.01–0.03) > Pb (0.005–0.011) and Zn (0.75–0.94) > Cu (0.72–0.85) > Pb (0.09–0.63) > Cd (0.17–0.22) > Ni (0.01–0.21), respectively, which indicates that certain metals were not mobilized to the extent that they had been accumulated in the plant roots. The total carcinogenic risk was ranged from 5.88E−05 to 1.17E−04 for children and from 1.17E−04 to 2.30E−04 for adults, which implies a greater associated health risk for children. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8907202 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89072022022-03-10 Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands Rezapour, Salar Siavash Moghaddam, Sina Nouri, Amin Khosravi Aqdam, Kamal Sci Rep Article The contamination of urban soils with heavy elements due to the rapid development of urbanization and urban services has become a major environmental and human health challenge. This study provides insight into the urbanization controls on combined pollution severity and health risk potential of heavy metals in corn-cultivated urban versus non-urban soils. A multifaceted assessment was conducted using enrichment factor (EF), ecological risk (ER), bioconcentration factor (BCF), transmission factor (TF), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results indicate a significant increase in the concentration of all metals in urban farmlands. When compared to the non-urban soils, EF implies a significant increase of all metals in the urban soil, downgrading this index from minimal enrichment (EF < 2) in the control soils to moderate enrichment (2 ≤ EF < 5) in the urban soils. Likewise, the average ER value showed an increase in the urban soils than in the control soils in the order of Fluvisols (66.6%) > Regosols (66.1%) > Cambisols (59.8%) > Calcisols (47%). The BCF and TF values for different elements decreased in the order of Cd (0.41–0.92) > Cu (0.1–0.23) > Zn (0.1–0.18) > Ni (0.01–0.03) > Pb (0.005–0.011) and Zn (0.75–0.94) > Cu (0.72–0.85) > Pb (0.09–0.63) > Cd (0.17–0.22) > Ni (0.01–0.21), respectively, which indicates that certain metals were not mobilized to the extent that they had been accumulated in the plant roots. The total carcinogenic risk was ranged from 5.88E−05 to 1.17E−04 for children and from 1.17E−04 to 2.30E−04 for adults, which implies a greater associated health risk for children. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-03-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8907202/ /pubmed/35264644 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07789-x Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Rezapour, Salar Siavash Moghaddam, Sina Nouri, Amin Khosravi Aqdam, Kamal Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
title | Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
title_full | Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
title_fullStr | Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
title_full_unstemmed | Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
title_short | Urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
title_sort | urbanization influences the distribution, enrichment, and ecological health risk of heavy metals in croplands |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8907202/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35264644 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07789-x |
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