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Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review
The process of granuloma formation is complex, and due to species differences, the validity of animal studies is somewhat questioned. Moreover, the large number of animals needed to observe the different stages of development also raises ethical questions. Therefore, researchers have explored the us...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8909410/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35269486 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11050864 |
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author | Ganesan, Nirosha Ronsmans, Steven Vanoirbeek, Jeroen Hoet, Peter H. M. |
author_facet | Ganesan, Nirosha Ronsmans, Steven Vanoirbeek, Jeroen Hoet, Peter H. M. |
author_sort | Ganesan, Nirosha |
collection | PubMed |
description | The process of granuloma formation is complex, and due to species differences, the validity of animal studies is somewhat questioned. Moreover, the large number of animals needed to observe the different stages of development also raises ethical questions. Therefore, researchers have explored the use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a heterogeneous population of immune cells, in an in vitro model. This review included in vitro studies that focused on exposing PBMCs—from healthy, sensitized, or diseased individuals—to antigens derived from infectious agents—such as mycobacteria or Schistosoma spp.—or inorganic antigens—such as beryllium. The reviewed studies mainly explored how human in vitro granuloma models can contribute towards understanding the pathogenesis of granulomatous diseases, especially during the early stages of granuloma formation. The feasibility of granuloma modelling was thus largely assessed via experimental techniques including (1) granuloma scoring indices (GI), (2) cell surface markers and (3) cytokine secretion profiling. While granuloma scoring showed some similarities between studies, a large variability of culture conditions and endpoints measured have been identified. The lack of any standardization currently impedes the success of a human in vitro granuloma model. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8909410 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89094102022-03-11 Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review Ganesan, Nirosha Ronsmans, Steven Vanoirbeek, Jeroen Hoet, Peter H. M. Cells Systematic Review The process of granuloma formation is complex, and due to species differences, the validity of animal studies is somewhat questioned. Moreover, the large number of animals needed to observe the different stages of development also raises ethical questions. Therefore, researchers have explored the use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a heterogeneous population of immune cells, in an in vitro model. This review included in vitro studies that focused on exposing PBMCs—from healthy, sensitized, or diseased individuals—to antigens derived from infectious agents—such as mycobacteria or Schistosoma spp.—or inorganic antigens—such as beryllium. The reviewed studies mainly explored how human in vitro granuloma models can contribute towards understanding the pathogenesis of granulomatous diseases, especially during the early stages of granuloma formation. The feasibility of granuloma modelling was thus largely assessed via experimental techniques including (1) granuloma scoring indices (GI), (2) cell surface markers and (3) cytokine secretion profiling. While granuloma scoring showed some similarities between studies, a large variability of culture conditions and endpoints measured have been identified. The lack of any standardization currently impedes the success of a human in vitro granuloma model. MDPI 2022-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8909410/ /pubmed/35269486 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11050864 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Systematic Review Ganesan, Nirosha Ronsmans, Steven Vanoirbeek, Jeroen Hoet, Peter H. M. Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review |
title | Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review |
title_full | Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review |
title_fullStr | Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review |
title_short | Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review |
title_sort | assessment of experimental techniques that facilitate human granuloma formation in an in vitro system: a systematic review |
topic | Systematic Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8909410/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35269486 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11050864 |
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