Leaching of Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials from Agricultural Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge Incineration Ash: Comparison of a Pilot Scale Simulation with Standard Laboratory Column Elution Experiments

Nanoscale titanium dioxide (nTiO(2) (Hombikat UV 100 WP)) was applied to sewage sludge that was incinerated in a large-scale waste treatment plant. The incineration ash produced was applied to soil as fertilizer at a realistic rate of 5% and investigated in pilot plant simulations regarding its leaching behavior for nTiO(2). In parallel, the applied soil material was subject to standard column leaching (DIN 19528) in order to test the suitability of the standard to predict the leaching of nanoscale contaminants from treated soil material. Relative to the reference material (similar composition but without nTiO(2) application before incineration) the test material had a total TiO(2) concentration, increased by a factor of two or 3.8 g/kg, respectively. In contrast, the TiO(2) concentration in the respective leachates of the simulation experiment differed by a factor of around 25 (maximum 91.24 mg), indicating that the added nTiO(2) might be significantly mobilisable. Nanoparticle specific analysis of the leachates (spICP-MS) confirmed this finding. In the standard column elution experiment the released amount of TiO(2) in the percolates between test and reference material differed by a factor of 4 to 6. This was also confirmed for the nTiO(2) concentrations in the percolates. Results demonstrate that the standard column leaching, developed and validated for leaching prediction of dissolved contaminants, might be also capable to indicate increased mobility of nTiO(2) in soil materials. However, experiments with further soils are needed to verify those findings.