Hydrothermal CO(2) Reduction by Glucose as Reducing Agent and Metals and Metal Oxides as Catalysts

High-temperature water reactions to reduce carbon dioxide were carried out by using an organic reductant and a series of metals and metal oxides as catalysts, as well as activated carbon (C). As CO(2) source, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate were used. Glucose was the reductant. Cu, Ni, Pd/C 5%, Ru/C 5%, C, Fe(2)O(3) and Fe(3)O(4) were the catalysts tested. The products of CO(2) reduction were formic acid and other subproducts from sugar hydrolysis such as acetic acid and lactic acid. Reactions with sodium bicarbonate reached higher yields of formic acid in comparison to ammonium carbamate reactions. Higher yields of formic acid (53% and 52%) were obtained by using C and Fe(3)O(4) as catalysts and sodium bicarbonate as carbon source. Reactions with ammonium carbamate achieved a yield of formic acid up to 25% by using Fe(3)O(4) as catalyst. The origin of the carbon that forms formic acid was investigated by using NaH(13)CO(3) as carbon source. Depending on the catalyst, the fraction of formic acid coming from the reduction of the isotope of sodium bicarbonate varied from 32 to 81%. This fraction decreased in the following order: Pd/C 5% > Ru/C 5% > Ni > Cu > C ≈ Fe(2)O(3) > Fe(3)O(4).