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Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions
This study monitored particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 3-D printers using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) filaments at a workplace to assess exposure before and after introducing exposure mitigation measures. Air samples were collected in the printing r...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8915804/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35295129 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.817454 |
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author | Kim, Boowook Shin, Jae Hoo Kim, Hoi Pin Jo, Mi Seong Kim, Hee Sang Lee, Jong Sung Lee, Hong Ku Kwon, Hyuk Cheol Han, Sung Gu Kang, Noeul Gulumian, Mary Bello, Dhimiter Yu, Il Je |
author_facet | Kim, Boowook Shin, Jae Hoo Kim, Hoi Pin Jo, Mi Seong Kim, Hee Sang Lee, Jong Sung Lee, Hong Ku Kwon, Hyuk Cheol Han, Sung Gu Kang, Noeul Gulumian, Mary Bello, Dhimiter Yu, Il Je |
author_sort | Kim, Boowook |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study monitored particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 3-D printers using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) filaments at a workplace to assess exposure before and after introducing exposure mitigation measures. Air samples were collected in the printing room and adjacent corridor, and real-time measurements of ultrafine and fine particle were also conducted. Extensive physicochemical characterizations of 3-D printer emissions were performed, including real-time (size distribution, number concentration) nanoparticle characterization, size-fractionated mass distribution and concentration, as well as chemical composition for metals by ICP-MS and VOCs by GC-FID, real-time VOC monitors, and proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Air sampling showed low levels of total suspended particulates (TSP, 9–12.5/m(3)), minimal levels (1.93–4 ppm) of total volatile organic chemicals (TVOC), and formaldehyde (2.5–21.7 ppb). Various harmful gases, such as formaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, hexane, styrene, toluene, and trimethylamine, were detected at concentrations in the 1–100 ppb by PTR-TOF-MS when air sample was collected into the Tedlar bag from the front of the 3-D printer. Ultrafine particles having an average particle size (30 nm count median diameter and 71 nm mass median diameter) increased during the 3-D printing operation. They decreased to the background level after the 3-D printing operation, while fine particles continually increased after the termination of 3-D printing to the next day morning. The exposure to 3-D printer emissions was greatly reduced after isolating 3-D printers in the enclosed space. Particle number concentration measured by real-time particle counters (DMAS and OPC) were greatly reduced after isolating 3-D printers to the isolated place. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8915804 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89158042022-03-15 Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions Kim, Boowook Shin, Jae Hoo Kim, Hoi Pin Jo, Mi Seong Kim, Hee Sang Lee, Jong Sung Lee, Hong Ku Kwon, Hyuk Cheol Han, Sung Gu Kang, Noeul Gulumian, Mary Bello, Dhimiter Yu, Il Je Front Toxicol Toxicology This study monitored particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 3-D printers using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) filaments at a workplace to assess exposure before and after introducing exposure mitigation measures. Air samples were collected in the printing room and adjacent corridor, and real-time measurements of ultrafine and fine particle were also conducted. Extensive physicochemical characterizations of 3-D printer emissions were performed, including real-time (size distribution, number concentration) nanoparticle characterization, size-fractionated mass distribution and concentration, as well as chemical composition for metals by ICP-MS and VOCs by GC-FID, real-time VOC monitors, and proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Air sampling showed low levels of total suspended particulates (TSP, 9–12.5/m(3)), minimal levels (1.93–4 ppm) of total volatile organic chemicals (TVOC), and formaldehyde (2.5–21.7 ppb). Various harmful gases, such as formaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, hexane, styrene, toluene, and trimethylamine, were detected at concentrations in the 1–100 ppb by PTR-TOF-MS when air sample was collected into the Tedlar bag from the front of the 3-D printer. Ultrafine particles having an average particle size (30 nm count median diameter and 71 nm mass median diameter) increased during the 3-D printing operation. They decreased to the background level after the 3-D printing operation, while fine particles continually increased after the termination of 3-D printing to the next day morning. The exposure to 3-D printer emissions was greatly reduced after isolating 3-D printers in the enclosed space. Particle number concentration measured by real-time particle counters (DMAS and OPC) were greatly reduced after isolating 3-D printers to the isolated place. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8915804/ /pubmed/35295129 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.817454 Text en Copyright © 2022 Kim, Shin, Kim, Jo, Kim, Lee, Lee, Kwon, Han, Kang, Gulumian, Bello and Yu. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Toxicology Kim, Boowook Shin, Jae Hoo Kim, Hoi Pin Jo, Mi Seong Kim, Hee Sang Lee, Jong Sung Lee, Hong Ku Kwon, Hyuk Cheol Han, Sung Gu Kang, Noeul Gulumian, Mary Bello, Dhimiter Yu, Il Je Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions |
title | Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions |
title_full | Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions |
title_fullStr | Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions |
title_short | Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions |
title_sort | assessment and mitigation of exposure of 3-d printer emissions |
topic | Toxicology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8915804/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35295129 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.817454 |
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