3D Echo Planar Time-resolved Imaging (3D-EPTI) for ultrafast multi-parametric quantitative MRI

Multi-parametric quantitative MRI has shown great potential to improve the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis and to enhance our understanding of complex brain processes, but suffers from long scan time especially at high spatial resolution. To address this longstanding challenge, we introduce a novel approach termed 3D Echo Planar Time-resolved Imaging (3D-EPTI), which significantly increases the acceleration capacity of MRI sampling, and provides high acquisition efficiency for multi-parametric MRI. This is achieved by exploiting the spatiotemporal correlation of MRI data at multiple timescales through new encoding strategies within and between efficient continuous readouts. Specifically, an optimized spatiotemporal CAIPI encoding within the readouts combined with a radial-block sampling strategy across the readouts enables an acceleration rate of 800 fold in the k-t space. A subspace reconstruction was employed to resolve thousands of high-quality multi-contrast images. We have demonstrated the ability of 3D-EPTI to provide robust and repeatable whole-brain simultaneous T(1), T(2), T(2)*, PD and B(1)(+) mapping at high isotropic resolution within minutes (e.g., 1-mm isotropic resolution in 3 minutes), and to enable submillimeter multi-parametric imaging to study detailed brain structures.