Subversion of Phytomyxae Cell Communication With Surrounding Environment to Control Soilborne Diseases; A Case Study of Cytosolic Ca(2+) Signal Disruption in Zoospores of Spongospora subterranea

Ca(2+) signaling regulates physiological processes including chemotaxis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Its inhibition has formed the basis for control of human disease but remains largely unexplored for plant disease. This study investigated the role of Ca(2+) signaling on motility and chemotaxis of Spongospora subterranea zoospores, responsible for root infections leading to potato root and tuber disease. Cytosolic Ca(2+) flux inhibition with Ca(2+) antagonists were found to alter zoospore swimming patterns and constrain zoospore chemotaxis, root attachment and zoosporangia infection. LaCl(3) and GdCl(3), both Ca(2+) channel blockers, at concentrations ≥ 50 μM showed complete inhibition of zoospore chemotaxis, root attachment and zoosporangia root infection. The Ca(2+) chelator EGTA, showed efficient chemotaxis inhibition but had relatively less effect on root attachment. Conversely the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine had lesser effect on zoospore chemotaxis but showed strong inhibition of zoospore root attachment. Amiloride hydrochloride had a significant inhibitory effect on chemotaxis, root attachment, and zoosporangia root infection with dose rates ≥ 150 μM. As expected, zoospore attachment was directly associated with root infection and zoosporangia development. These results highlight the fundamental role of Ca(2+) signaling in zoospore chemotaxis and disease establishment. Their efficient interruption may provide durable and practical control of Phytomyxea soilborne diseases in the field.