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Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya

BACKGROUND: Coxiella burnetii is a widely distributed pathogen, but data on its epidemiology in livestock, and human populations remain scanty, especially in developing countries such as Kenya. We used the One Health approach to estimate the seroprevalance of C. burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats and...

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Autores principales: Mwololo, Damaris, Nthiwa, Daniel, Kitala, Philip, Abuom, Tequiero, Wainaina, Martin, Kairu-Wanyoike, Salome, Lindahl, Johanna F., Ontiri, Enoch, Bukachi, Salome, Njeru, Ian, Karanja, Joan, Sang, Rosemary, Grace, Delia, Bett, Bernard
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8923444/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35239658
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010214
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author Mwololo, Damaris
Nthiwa, Daniel
Kitala, Philip
Abuom, Tequiero
Wainaina, Martin
Kairu-Wanyoike, Salome
Lindahl, Johanna F.
Ontiri, Enoch
Bukachi, Salome
Njeru, Ian
Karanja, Joan
Sang, Rosemary
Grace, Delia
Bett, Bernard
author_facet Mwololo, Damaris
Nthiwa, Daniel
Kitala, Philip
Abuom, Tequiero
Wainaina, Martin
Kairu-Wanyoike, Salome
Lindahl, Johanna F.
Ontiri, Enoch
Bukachi, Salome
Njeru, Ian
Karanja, Joan
Sang, Rosemary
Grace, Delia
Bett, Bernard
author_sort Mwololo, Damaris
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Coxiella burnetii is a widely distributed pathogen, but data on its epidemiology in livestock, and human populations remain scanty, especially in developing countries such as Kenya. We used the One Health approach to estimate the seroprevalance of C. burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats and human populations in Tana River county, and in humans in Garissa county, Kenya. We also identified potential determinants of exposure among these hosts. METHODS: Data were collected through a cross-sectional study. Serum samples were taken from 2,727 animals (466 cattle, 1,333 goats, and 928 sheep) and 974 humans and screened for Phase I/II IgG antibodies against C. burnetii using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on potential factors associated with animal and human exposure were collected using a structured questionnaire. Multivariable analyses were performed with households as a random effect to adjust for the within-household correlation of C. burnetii exposure among animals and humans, respectively. RESULTS: The overall apparent seroprevalence estimates of C. burnetii in livestock and humans were 12.80% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.57–14.11) and 24.44% (95% CI: 21.77–27.26), respectively. In livestock, the seroprevalence differed significantly by species (p < 0.01). The highest seroprevalence estimates were observed in goats (15.22%, 95% CI: 13.34-17.27) and sheep (14.22%, 95% CI: 12.04–16.64) while cattle (3.00%, 95% CI: 1.65–4.99) had the lowest seroprevalence. Herd-level seropositivity of C. burnetii in livestock was not positively associated with human exposure. Multivariable results showed that female animals had higher odds of seropositivity for C. burnetii than males, while for animal age groups, adult animals had higher odds of seropositivity than calves, kids or lambs. For livestock species, both sheep and goats had significantly higher odds of seropositivity than cattle. In human populations, men had a significantly higher odds of testing positive for C. burnetii than women. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of livestock and human exposure to C. burnetii which could have serious economic implications on livestock production and impact on human health. These results also highlight the need to establish active surveillance in the study area to reduce the disease burden associated with this pathogen.
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spelling pubmed-89234442022-03-16 Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya Mwololo, Damaris Nthiwa, Daniel Kitala, Philip Abuom, Tequiero Wainaina, Martin Kairu-Wanyoike, Salome Lindahl, Johanna F. Ontiri, Enoch Bukachi, Salome Njeru, Ian Karanja, Joan Sang, Rosemary Grace, Delia Bett, Bernard PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Coxiella burnetii is a widely distributed pathogen, but data on its epidemiology in livestock, and human populations remain scanty, especially in developing countries such as Kenya. We used the One Health approach to estimate the seroprevalance of C. burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats and human populations in Tana River county, and in humans in Garissa county, Kenya. We also identified potential determinants of exposure among these hosts. METHODS: Data were collected through a cross-sectional study. Serum samples were taken from 2,727 animals (466 cattle, 1,333 goats, and 928 sheep) and 974 humans and screened for Phase I/II IgG antibodies against C. burnetii using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on potential factors associated with animal and human exposure were collected using a structured questionnaire. Multivariable analyses were performed with households as a random effect to adjust for the within-household correlation of C. burnetii exposure among animals and humans, respectively. RESULTS: The overall apparent seroprevalence estimates of C. burnetii in livestock and humans were 12.80% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.57–14.11) and 24.44% (95% CI: 21.77–27.26), respectively. In livestock, the seroprevalence differed significantly by species (p < 0.01). The highest seroprevalence estimates were observed in goats (15.22%, 95% CI: 13.34-17.27) and sheep (14.22%, 95% CI: 12.04–16.64) while cattle (3.00%, 95% CI: 1.65–4.99) had the lowest seroprevalence. Herd-level seropositivity of C. burnetii in livestock was not positively associated with human exposure. Multivariable results showed that female animals had higher odds of seropositivity for C. burnetii than males, while for animal age groups, adult animals had higher odds of seropositivity than calves, kids or lambs. For livestock species, both sheep and goats had significantly higher odds of seropositivity than cattle. In human populations, men had a significantly higher odds of testing positive for C. burnetii than women. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of livestock and human exposure to C. burnetii which could have serious economic implications on livestock production and impact on human health. These results also highlight the need to establish active surveillance in the study area to reduce the disease burden associated with this pathogen. Public Library of Science 2022-03-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8923444/ /pubmed/35239658 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010214 Text en © 2022 Mwololo et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Mwololo, Damaris
Nthiwa, Daniel
Kitala, Philip
Abuom, Tequiero
Wainaina, Martin
Kairu-Wanyoike, Salome
Lindahl, Johanna F.
Ontiri, Enoch
Bukachi, Salome
Njeru, Ian
Karanja, Joan
Sang, Rosemary
Grace, Delia
Bett, Bernard
Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya
title Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya
title_full Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya
title_fullStr Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya
title_full_unstemmed Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya
title_short Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya
title_sort sero-epidemiological survey of coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in tana river and garissa counties in kenya
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8923444/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35239658
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010214
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