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Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae

The oral cavity remains an underappreciated site for SARS-CoV-2 infection despite the myriad oral conditions observed in COVID-19 patients. Recently, replicating SARS-CoV-2 was found inside salivary epithelial cells resulting in inflammation and atrophy of salivary glands. Saliva possesses healing p...

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Autores principales: Alfaifi, Areej, Sultan, Ahmed S., Montelongo-Jauregui, Daniel, Meiller, Timothy F., Jabra-Rizk, Mary Ann
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924417/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35310855
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.831744
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author Alfaifi, Areej
Sultan, Ahmed S.
Montelongo-Jauregui, Daniel
Meiller, Timothy F.
Jabra-Rizk, Mary Ann
author_facet Alfaifi, Areej
Sultan, Ahmed S.
Montelongo-Jauregui, Daniel
Meiller, Timothy F.
Jabra-Rizk, Mary Ann
author_sort Alfaifi, Areej
collection PubMed
description The oral cavity remains an underappreciated site for SARS-CoV-2 infection despite the myriad oral conditions observed in COVID-19 patients. Recently, replicating SARS-CoV-2 was found inside salivary epithelial cells resulting in inflammation and atrophy of salivary glands. Saliva possesses healing properties crucial for maintaining the health of the oral mucosa. Specifically, salivary antimicrobial peptides, most notable, histatin-5 exclusively produced in salivary glands, plays a vital role in innate immunity against colonizing microbial species. The demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 destruction of gland tissue where histatin-5 is produced strongly indicate that histatin-5 production is compromised due to COVID-19. Here we present a case of a patient presenting with unexplained chronic oral dysesthesia and dysgeusia post-recovery from COVID-19. To explore potential physiological mechanisms behind the symptoms, we comparatively analyzed saliva samples from the patient and matched healthy subject for histatin-5 and key cytokines. Findings demonstrated significantly reduced histatin-5 levels in patient’s saliva and activation of the Th17 inflammatory pathway. As histatin-5 exhibits potent activity against the opportunistic oral pathogen Candida albicans, we evaluated saliva potency against C. albicans ex vivo. Compared to control, patient saliva exhibited significantly reduced anti-candidal efficacy. Although speculative, based on history and salivary analysis we hypothesize that salivary histatin-5 production may be compromised due to SARS-CoV-2 mediated salivary gland destruction. With the current lack of emphasis on implications of COVID-19 on oral health, this report may provide lacking mechanistic insights that may lead to reassessment of risks for oral opportunistic infections and mucosal inflammatory processes in acutely-ill and recovered COVID-19 patients.
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spelling pubmed-89244172022-03-17 Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae Alfaifi, Areej Sultan, Ahmed S. Montelongo-Jauregui, Daniel Meiller, Timothy F. Jabra-Rizk, Mary Ann Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology The oral cavity remains an underappreciated site for SARS-CoV-2 infection despite the myriad oral conditions observed in COVID-19 patients. Recently, replicating SARS-CoV-2 was found inside salivary epithelial cells resulting in inflammation and atrophy of salivary glands. Saliva possesses healing properties crucial for maintaining the health of the oral mucosa. Specifically, salivary antimicrobial peptides, most notable, histatin-5 exclusively produced in salivary glands, plays a vital role in innate immunity against colonizing microbial species. The demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 destruction of gland tissue where histatin-5 is produced strongly indicate that histatin-5 production is compromised due to COVID-19. Here we present a case of a patient presenting with unexplained chronic oral dysesthesia and dysgeusia post-recovery from COVID-19. To explore potential physiological mechanisms behind the symptoms, we comparatively analyzed saliva samples from the patient and matched healthy subject for histatin-5 and key cytokines. Findings demonstrated significantly reduced histatin-5 levels in patient’s saliva and activation of the Th17 inflammatory pathway. As histatin-5 exhibits potent activity against the opportunistic oral pathogen Candida albicans, we evaluated saliva potency against C. albicans ex vivo. Compared to control, patient saliva exhibited significantly reduced anti-candidal efficacy. Although speculative, based on history and salivary analysis we hypothesize that salivary histatin-5 production may be compromised due to SARS-CoV-2 mediated salivary gland destruction. With the current lack of emphasis on implications of COVID-19 on oral health, this report may provide lacking mechanistic insights that may lead to reassessment of risks for oral opportunistic infections and mucosal inflammatory processes in acutely-ill and recovered COVID-19 patients. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8924417/ /pubmed/35310855 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.831744 Text en Copyright © 2022 Alfaifi, Sultan, Montelongo-Jauregui, Meiller and Jabra-Rizk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Alfaifi, Areej
Sultan, Ahmed S.
Montelongo-Jauregui, Daniel
Meiller, Timothy F.
Jabra-Rizk, Mary Ann
Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae
title Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae
title_full Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae
title_fullStr Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae
title_full_unstemmed Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae
title_short Long-Term Post-COVID-19 Associated Oral Inflammatory Sequelae
title_sort long-term post-covid-19 associated oral inflammatory sequelae
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924417/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35310855
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.831744
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