Acute Care Utilization After Recovery Coaching Linkage During Substance-Related Inpatient Admission: Results of Two Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND: For patients with substance use disorder (SUD), a peer recovery coach (PRC) intervention increases engagement in recovery services; effective support services interventions have occasionally demonstrated cost savings through decreased acute care utilization. OBJECTIVE: Examine effect of PRCs on acute care utilization. DESIGN: Combined results of 2 parallel 1:1 randomized controlled trials. PARTICIPANTS: Inpatient adults with substance use disorder INTERVENTIONS: Inpatient PRC linkage and follow-up contact for 6 months vs usual care (providing contact information for SUD resources and PRCs) MAIN MEASURES: Acute care encounters (emergency and inpatient) 6 months before and after enrollment; encounter type by primary diagnosis code category (mental/behavioral vs medical); 30-day readmissions with Lace+ readmission risk scores. KEY RESULTS: A total of 193 patients were randomized: 95 PRC; 98 control. In the PRC intervention, 66 patients had a pre-enrollment acute care encounter and 56 had an encounter post-enrollment, compared to the control group with 59 pre- and 62 post-enrollment (odds ratio [OR] = −0.79, P = 0.11); there was no significant effect for sub-groups by encounter location (emergency vs inpatient). There was a significant decrease in mental/behavioral ED visits (PRC: pre-enrollment 17 vs post-enrollment 10; control: pre-enrollment 13 vs post-enrollment 16 (OR = −2.62, P = 0.02)) but not mental/behavioral inpatient encounters or medical emergency or inpatient encounters. There was no significant difference in 30-day readmissions corrected for Lace+ scores (15.8% PRC vs 17.3% control, OR = 0.19, P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: PRCs did not decrease overall acute care utilization but may decrease emergency encounters related to substance use. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04098601, NCT04098614) SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11606-021-07360-w.