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The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease

Cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are serious threats to people's health. In addition to hepatic cell apoptosis and liver inflammation caused by oxidative stress during alcohol metabolism, intestinal microbiota disorders are also involved in the onset a...

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Autores principales: Chen, Liuying, Zhu, Yixin, Hou, Xiaohua, Yang, Ling, Chu, Huikuan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8927088/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35308525
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.840752
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author Chen, Liuying
Zhu, Yixin
Hou, Xiaohua
Yang, Ling
Chu, Huikuan
author_facet Chen, Liuying
Zhu, Yixin
Hou, Xiaohua
Yang, Ling
Chu, Huikuan
author_sort Chen, Liuying
collection PubMed
description Cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are serious threats to people's health. In addition to hepatic cell apoptosis and liver inflammation caused by oxidative stress during alcohol metabolism, intestinal microbiota disorders are also involved in the onset and development of ALD. Ethanol and its' oxidative and non-oxidative metabolites, together with dysbiosis-caused-inflammation, destroys the intestinal barrier. Changes of several microbial metabolites, such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and amino acid, are closely associated with gut dysbiosis in ALD. The alcohol-caused dysbiosis can further influence intestinal barrier-related proteins, such as mucin2, bile acid-related receptors, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and these abnormal changes also participate in the injury of the intestinal barrier and hepatic steatosis. Gut-derived bacteria, fungi, and their toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and β-glucan translocate into the liver through the damaged intestinal barrier and promote the progression of inflammation and fibrosis of ALD. Thus, the prevention of alcohol-induced disruption of intestinal permeability has a beneficial effect on ALD. Currently, multiple therapeutic treatments have been applied to restore the gut microbiota of patients with ALD. Fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, antibiotics, and many other elements has already shown their ability of restoring the gut microbiota. Targeted approaches, such as using bacteriophages to remove cytolytic Enterococcus faecalis, and supplement with Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, or boulardii are also powerful therapeutic options for ALD.
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spelling pubmed-89270882022-03-18 The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Chen, Liuying Zhu, Yixin Hou, Xiaohua Yang, Ling Chu, Huikuan Front Med (Lausanne) Medicine Cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are serious threats to people's health. In addition to hepatic cell apoptosis and liver inflammation caused by oxidative stress during alcohol metabolism, intestinal microbiota disorders are also involved in the onset and development of ALD. Ethanol and its' oxidative and non-oxidative metabolites, together with dysbiosis-caused-inflammation, destroys the intestinal barrier. Changes of several microbial metabolites, such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and amino acid, are closely associated with gut dysbiosis in ALD. The alcohol-caused dysbiosis can further influence intestinal barrier-related proteins, such as mucin2, bile acid-related receptors, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and these abnormal changes also participate in the injury of the intestinal barrier and hepatic steatosis. Gut-derived bacteria, fungi, and their toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and β-glucan translocate into the liver through the damaged intestinal barrier and promote the progression of inflammation and fibrosis of ALD. Thus, the prevention of alcohol-induced disruption of intestinal permeability has a beneficial effect on ALD. Currently, multiple therapeutic treatments have been applied to restore the gut microbiota of patients with ALD. Fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, antibiotics, and many other elements has already shown their ability of restoring the gut microbiota. Targeted approaches, such as using bacteriophages to remove cytolytic Enterococcus faecalis, and supplement with Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, or boulardii are also powerful therapeutic options for ALD. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8927088/ /pubmed/35308525 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.840752 Text en Copyright © 2022 Chen, Zhu, Hou, Yang and Chu. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Medicine
Chen, Liuying
Zhu, Yixin
Hou, Xiaohua
Yang, Ling
Chu, Huikuan
The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
title The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
title_full The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
title_fullStr The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
title_short The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
title_sort role of gut bacteria and fungi in alcohol-associated liver disease
topic Medicine
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8927088/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35308525
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.840752
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